Remedy/Medicine

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A female doctor examines a child. Credit: United States Government.{{free media}}

"Medicine is the science and "art" of maintaining and/or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of patients."[1]

It is usually practiced by Doctors, those with a medical degree. Medicine can be classified into various department varing on the nature of illness such as Oncology, Opthamology and Gynaecology.

Medical resources[edit | edit source]

Medical resources are being developed over at the school of medicine. Check it out to see what's happening!

Theory of medicine[edit | edit source]

Def. a "substance which specifically promotes healing [when][2] ingested or consumed in some way"[3], a "treatment or cure"[2], or the "study of the cause, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of disease or illness"[2] is called a medicine or medicine.

Biomedicine, also known as theoretical medicine, is a term that comprises the knowledge and research which is more or less in common with the fields of human medicine, veterinary medicine, odontology and fundamental biosciences such as biochemistry, chemistry, biology, histology, genetics, embryology, anatomy, physiology, pathology, biomedical engineering, zoology, botany and microbiology.

Biomedicine is usually not concerned with the practice of medicine as much as it is with the theory, knowledge and research of it; its results render possible new drugs and a deeper, molecular understanding of the mechanisms underlying disease, and thus lays the foundation of all medical application, diagnosis and treatment.

Medical disclaimer[edit | edit source]

Medical disclaimer: This page is for educational and informational purposes only and may not be construed as medical advice. The information is not intended to replace medical advice offered by physicians. Please refer to the full text of the Wikiversity medical disclaimer.

Remedy[edit | edit source]

Def. "a medicine, application, or treatment that relieves or cures a disease"[4] is called a remedy.

Cures[edit | edit source]

Def. a "method, device or medication that restores good health"[5] or an act "of healing or state of being healed; restoration to health after a disease, or to soundness after injury"[6] is called a cure.

Health[edit | edit source]

Def. the "state of being free [from][7] physical or psychological disease, illness, or malfunction;[8] wellness"[9] or a "state of well-being or balance, often physical but sometimes also mental and social; the overall level of function of an organism from the cellular (micro) level to the social (macro) level"[7] is called health.

Wellness[edit | edit source]

Def. "the quality or state of being in good health",[10] or the "process of learning about and engaging in behaviors that are likely to result in optimal health"[11] is called wellness.

Physical exercise enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness by strengthening muscles and improving the cardiovascular system; there are four types of exercise: endurance, strength, flexibility, and balance.[12]

Five elements should be considered in the workplace for wellness to make it a healthy working environment: work-life balance, health and safety, employee growth and development, employee recognition and employee involvement.[13]

Workplace wellness programs can be categorized as primary, secondary, or tertiary prevention efforts, or an employer can implement programs that have elements of multiple types of prevention.[14]

Companies often subsidize these programs in the hope that they will save companies money in the long run by improving health, morale and productivity, although there is some controversy about evidence for the levels of return on investment.[15]

The controversy over wellness programs is rooted in a large and growing body of evidence proving that much of what has been claimed as outcomes has been fabricated, whereas in fact the industry's practices violate clinical guidelines and can and do harm employees.[16]

Non-controversial examples of workplace wellness organizational policies include allowing flex-time for exercise, providing on-site kitchen and eating areas, offering healthy food options in vending machines, holding “walk and talk” meetings, and offering financial and other incentives for participation.[17]

Biometric screening programs can help identify cardiovascular risk factors in clients, larger firms or businesses tend to facilitate more incidences of biometric screening programs which can be in part due to the amount of leadership support that is encouraged by company leaders and then received by employees.[18] Also, putting more of an emphasis on building a more personalized experience is a major workplace wellness trend for 2018.[19]

Workplace wellness programs have been shown not to prevent the major shared health risk factors specifically for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke.[20]

While the stated goal of workplace wellness programs is to improve employee health, many US employers have turned to them to help alleviate the impact of enormous increases in health insurance premiums.[21]

Some employers have also begun varying the amount paid by their employees for health insurance based on participation in these programs.[22] Cost-shifting strategies alone, through high copayments or coinsurance may create barriers to participation in preventive health screenings or lower medication adherence for hypertension.[23] While it was once believed that for every dollar spent on worksite wellness programs, medical costs fell by $3.27,[24] that hypothesis was disproven by a subordinate of the author of the original study.[25]

In 2000 the health costs of overweight and obesity in the US were estimated at $117 billion.[26] Each year obesity contributes to an estimated 112,000 preventable deaths.[27] Being overweight increases yearly per person health care costs by $125, while obesity increases costs by $395.[26] A survey of North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services employees found that approximately 70 cents of every healthcare dollar was spent to treat employees who had one or more chronic conditions, two thirds of which can be attributed to three major lifestyle risk factors: physical inactivity, poor diet, and tobacco use.[28] Obese employees spend 77 percent more on medications than non-obese employees and 72 percent of those medical claims are for conditions that are preventable.[29]

Employers are encouraged to implement population-based programs including health risk appraisals and health screenings in conjunction with targeted interventions.[23]

A large and growing body of research shows that workplace wellness has far more deleterious effects on employee health than benefits, and that there are no savings whatsoever.[20] Indeed, the most recent winner of the industry's award for the best program admitted to violating clinical guidelines and fabricating outcomes improvement.[30]

Genomic expressions[edit | edit source]

The health of an individual may be a direct product of successful, ongoing genomic expression. Such expression if free from physical or psychological disease, illness, or malfunction may constitute wellness.

Some individuals possess genetic mutations that may at onset produce symptoms indicating a variation from wellness even though these expressions are successful. That same individual in turn may possess expressions that minimize any harmful effects from these mutations or their successful expression.

Disease induced genomic expressions[edit | edit source]

Patients who have pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma show an overexpression of A1BG in pancreatic juice.[31]

The alpha-1-glycoprotein is upregulated 11-fold in the urine of patients who have steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS).[32] A1BG was present in 7/19 patients with SRNS and was absent from all patients with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome.[32] The 13.8 kDa A1BG fragment had a high discriminatory power for steroid resistance in pediatric nephrotic syndrome, but is only present in a subset of patients.[32]

Legal restrictions[edit | edit source]

Painted by Toulouse-Lautrec in the year of his own death is an examination in the Paris faculty of medicine, 1901.

"Since the 19th century, only those with a medical degree have been considered worthy to practice medicine. Clinicians (licensed professionals who deal with patients) can be physicians, physical therapists, physician assistants, nurses or others. The medical profession is the social and occupational structure of the group of people formally trained and authorized to apply medical knowledge. Many countries and legal jurisdictions have legal limitations on who may practice medicine."[33]

"In most countries, it is a legal requirement for medical doctors to be licensed or registered. In general, this entails a medical degree from a university and accreditation by a medical board or an equivalent national organization, which may ask the applicant to pass exams. This restricts the considerable legal authority of the medical profession to physicians that are trained and qualified by national standards."[34]

"It can also act as a form of economic rent which might help to drive up the cost of medical care, in countries where that may be a factor."[35]

"It is also intended as an assurance to patients and as a safeguard against charlatans that practice inadequate medicine for personal gain. While the laws generally require medical doctors to be trained in "evidence based", Western, or Hippocratic Medicine, they are not intended to discourage different paradigms of health."[34]

"In the European Union, the profession of doctor of medicine is regulated. A profession is said to be regulated when access and exercise is subject to the possession of a specific professional qualification. The regulated professions database contains a list of regulated professions for doctor of medicine in the EU member states, EEA countries and Switzerland. This list is covered by the Directive 2005/36/EC."[34]

Practices[edit | edit source]

This is a painting by Samuel Luke Fildes of a doctor studying a patient. Credit: Samuel Luke Fildes, 1891.

The current "practice of medicine occurs at the many interfaces between the art of healing and various sciences. Medicine is directly connected to the health sciences and biomedicine. Broadly speaking, the term 'Medicine' today refers to the fields of clinical medicine, medical research and surgery, thereby covering the challenges of disease and injury."[33]

Malpractices[edit | edit source]

"Doctors who are negligent or intentionally harmful in their care of patients can face charges of medical malpractice and be subject to civil, criminal, or professional sanctions."[34]

Hypotheses[edit | edit source]

  1. A control group is needed to evaluate physicians.

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. Jfdwolff (August 9, 2012). "Medicine". Boston, Massachusetts: WikiDoc Foundation. Retrieved 2013-06-17.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Littenberg (10 February 2007). "medicine". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 26 June 2021. {{cite web}}: Check |author= value (help)
  3. Merphant (16 January 2003). "medicine". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 26 June 2021. {{cite web}}: Check |author= value (help)
  4. Deekayen (19 April 2005). "remedy". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 2013-06-17. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  5. Citizen Premier~enwiktionary (6 October 2005). "cure". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 17 July 2021. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  6. Equinox (12 October 2013). "cure". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 17 July 2021. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  7. 7.0 7.1 Gregcaletta (17 February 2011). "health". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 2014-05-04. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  8. Red Prince (23 April 2004). "health". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 2014-05-04. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  9. EncycloPetey (14 January 2009). "health". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 2014-05-04. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  10. 20.142.32.70 (23 September 2005). "wellness". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 6 October 2021. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  11. 71.111.145.229 (17 April 2008). "wellness". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 6 October 2021. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  12. "4 Types of Exercise". Go4Life, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health. 15 May 2014.
  13. Agarwal, Dr Pragya. "How Do We Design Workplaces That Support Mental Health And Well-Being". Forbes. Retrieved 2019-03-02.
  14. Goetzel, R.Z., Ozminkowski, R.J. The health and cost benefits of work site health-promotion programs. Annual Review of Public Health. 2008;29:303-323
  15. Soeren, Mattke,; Hangsheng, Liu,; P., Caloyeras, John; Y., Huang, Christina; R., Van Busum, Kristin; Dmitry, Khodyakov,; Victoria, Shier, (2013-01-01). Workplace Wellness Programs Study. http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR254.html. 
  16. Lewis, Al (2017). "The Outcomes, Economics, and Ethics of the Workplace Wellness Industry". Health Matrix: the Journal of Law-Medicine 27 (1). ISSN 0748-383X. http://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/healthmatrix/vol27/iss1/3/. 
  17. "Wellness and Health Promotion Programs Use Financial Incentives To Motivate Employees". Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2014-01-15. Retrieved 2014-01-20.
  18. "2016 Employer Health Benefits Survey - Summary Of Findings". The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2016-09-14. Retrieved 2017-03-26.
  19. Kohll, Alan. "8 Trends That Will Impact Worksite Wellness In 2018". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
  20. 20.0 20.1 Al, Lewis, (2017). "The Outcomes, Economics, and Ethics of the Workplace Wellness Industry". Health Matrix: the Journal of Law-Medicine 27 (1). ISSN 0748-383X. https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/healthmatrix/vol27/iss1/3/. 
  21. Kaiser Family Foundation/Health Research Education Trust. (2007). Employer Health Benefits Survey.
  22. Kaiser Family Foundation/Health Research Education Trust. (2007). Employer Health Benefits Survey Exhibit 6.18
  23. 23.0 23.1 Healthy Workforce 2010 and Beyond. (2009). Partnership for Prevention. Labor, Immigration & Employee Benefits Division: U.S. Chamber of Commerce.
  24. Knapper, Joseph T.; Ghasemzadeh, Nima; Khayata, Mohamed; Patel, Sulay P.; Quyyumi, Arshed A.; Mensah, George A.; Tabuert, Kathryn (2015). "Time to Change Our Focus : Defining, Promoting, and Impacting Cardiovascular Population Health". Journal of the American College of Cardiology 66 (14): 1641–655. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.07.008. 
  25. Jones, Damon; Molitor, David; Reif, Julian (January 2018). "What Do Workplace Wellness Programs Do? Evidence from the Illinois Workplace Wellness Study". NBER Working Paper No. 24229. doi:10.3386/w24229. 
  26. 26.0 26.1 "East Carolina University" (PDF). www.ecu.edu.
  27. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/obesityvision/obesityvision2010.pdf
  28. http://www.ncmedicaljournal.com/nov-dec-06/running.pdf
  29. Healthy Workforce 2010 and Beyond. (2009). Partnership for Prevention. Labor, Immigration & Employee Benefits Division: U.S. Chamber of Commerce
  30. "Wellness award goes to workplace where many measures got worse". STAT. 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
  31. Tian M, Cui YZ, Song GH, Zong MJ, Zhou XY, Chen Y, Han JX (2008). "Proteomic analysis identifies MMP-9, DJ-1 and A1BG as overexpressed proteins in pancreatic juice from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients". BMC Cancer 8: 241. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-8-241. PMID 18706098. 
  32. 32.0 32.1 32.2 "Discovery and initial validation of α 1-B glycoprotein fragmentation as a differential urinary biomarker in pediatric steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome". Proteomics: Clinical Applications 5 (5–6): 334–42. June 2011. doi:10.1002/prca.201000110. PMID 21591266. 
  33. 33.0 33.1 "Medicine". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. September 23, 2007. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
  34. 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 "Medicine". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. September 19, 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
  35. Edital (September 23, 2007). "Medicine". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 2013-09-20. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)

Further reading[edit | edit source]

External links[edit | edit source]