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Jupiter as Diana Surprises Callisto. Credit: François Boucher, 1769.

"The term mythology can refer either to the study of myths ..., or to a body or collection of myths[1]"[2].

As examples, comparative mythology "is the systematic comparison of myths from different cultures.[3]"[2] whereas "Greek mythology is the body of myths and legends belonging to the ancient Greeks"[4]

When the patrician class is also the ruling class or an influential or dominant class, patrician class is a relative synonym for dominant group.

Dominant group

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Main resource: Dominant group

Examples from primary sources are to be used to prove or disprove each hypothesis. These can be collected per subject or in general.

  1. Accident hypothesis: dominant group is an accident of whatever processes are operating.
  2. Artifact hypothesis: dominant group may be an artifact of human endeavor or may have preceded humanity.
  3. Association hypothesis: dominant group is associated in some way with the original research.
  4. Bad group hypothesis: dominant group is the group that engages in discrimination, abuse, punishment, and additional criminal activity against other groups. It often has an unfair advantage and uses it to express monopolistic practices.
  5. Control group hypothesis: there is a control group that can be used to study dominant group.
  6. Entity hypothesis: dominant group is an entity within each field where a primary author of original research uses the term.
  7. Evolution hypothesis: dominant group is a product of evolutionary processes, such groups are the evolutionary process, produce evolutionary processes, or are independent of evolutionary processes.
  8. Identifier hypothesis: dominant group is an identifier used by primary source authors of original research to identify an observation in the process of analysis.
  9. Importance hypothesis: dominant group signifies original research results that usually need to be explained by theory and interpretation of experiments.
  10. Indicator hypothesis: dominant group may be an indicator of something as yet not understood by the primary author of original research.
  11. Influence hypothesis: dominant group is included in a primary source article containing original research to indicate influence or an influential phenomenon.
  12. Interest hypothesis: dominant group is a theoretical entity used by scholarly authors of primary sources for phenomena of interest.
  13. Metadefinition hypothesis: all uses of dominant group by all primary source authors of original research are included in the metadefinition for dominant group.
  14. Null hypothesis: there is no significant or special meaning of dominant group in any sentence or figure caption in any refereed journal article.
  15. Object hypothesis: dominant group is an object within each field where a primary author of original research uses the term.
  16. Obvious hypothesis: the only meaning of dominant group is the one found in Mosby's Medical Dictionary.
  17. Original research hypothesis: dominant group is included in a primary source article by the author to indicate that the article contains original research.
  18. Primordial hypothesis: dominant group is a primordial concept inherent to humans such that every language or other form of communication no matter how old or whether extinct, on the verge of extinction, or not, has at least a synonym for dominant group.
  19. Purpose hypothesis: dominant group is written into articles by authors for a purpose.
  20. Regional hypothesis: dominant group, when it occurs, is only a manifestation of the limitations within a region. Variation of those limitations may result in the loss of a dominant group with the eventual appearance of a new one or none at all.
  21. Source hypothesis: dominant group is a source within each field where a primary author of original research uses the term.
  22. Term hypothesis: dominant group is a significant term that may require a 'rigorous definition' or application and verification of an empirical definition.

Mythology

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Main resources: Classical planets/Mythology and Mythology

Def. "[t]he study of myths and the systematic collection of myths of a people, concerning the origin of the people, history, deities, ancestors and heroes"[5] is called mythology.

Def. "[a] traditional story which embodies a belief regarding some fact or phenomenon of experience, and in which often the forces of nature and of the soul are personified; a sacred narrative regarding a god, a hero, the origin of the world or of a people, etc."[6] is called a myth.

Folktale

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Main resources: Classical planets/Folktales and Folktales

Def. "[a] tale or story that is part of the oral tradition of a people or a place"[7] is called a folktale.

"A fairy tale ... is a type of short story that typically features folkloric fantasy characters, such as fairies, goblins, elves, trolls, dwarves, giants, mermaids, or gnomes, and usually magic or enchantments. Fairy tales may be distinguished from other folk narratives such as legends (which generally involve belief in the veracity of the events described)[8] and explicitly moral tales, including beast fables."[9]

"In less technical contexts, the term is also used to describe something blessed with unusual happiness, as in "fairy tale ending" (a happy ending)[10] or "fairy tale romance" (though not all fairy tales end happily). Colloquially, a "fairy tale" or "fairy story" can also mean any farfetched story or tall tale; it's used especially of any story that not only isn't true, but couldn't possibly be true."[9]

Folklore

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Main resources: Classical planets/Folklores and Folklores

"Folklore (or lore) consists of legends, music, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, fairy tales, stories, tall tales, and customs that are the traditions of a culture, subculture, or group. It is also the set of practices through which those expressive genres are shared."[11]

"In usage, there is a continuum between folklore and mythology. Stith Thompson made a major attempt to index the motifs of both folklore and mythology, providing an outline into which new motifs can be placed, and scholars can keep track of all older motifs."[11]

"Folklore can be divided into four areas of study: artifact (such as voodoo dolls), describable and transmissible entity (oral tradition), culture, and behavior (rituals). These areas do not stand alone, however, as often a particular item or element may fit into more than one of these areas.[12]"[11]

Legend

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Main resources: Classical planets/Legends and Legends

Def. "[a] story of unknown origin describing plausible but extraordinary past events"[13] is called a legend.

"In cultures where demons and witches are perceived as real, fairy tales may merge into legends, where the narrative is perceived both by teller and hearers as being grounded in historical truth. However, unlike legends and epics, they usually do not contain more than superficial references to religion and actual places, people, and events; they take place once upon a time rather than in actual times.[14]"[9]

"A legend ... is a narrative of human actions that are perceived both by teller and listeners to take place within human history and to possess certain qualities that give the tale verisimilitude. Legend, for its active and passive participants includes no happenings that are outside the realm of "possibility", defined by a highly flexible set of parameters, which may include miracles that are perceived as actually having happened, within the specific tradition of indoctrination where the legend arises, and within which it may be transformed over time, in order to keep it fresh and vital, and realistic. A majority of legends operate within the realm of uncertainty, never being entirely believed by the participants, but also never being resolutely doubted.[15]"[16]

Classes of meaning

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Main resources: Dominant group/Classes of meaning and Classes of meaning

A dominant group in mythology may have at least four meanings: (1) a mythology-based entity, (2) source, (3) object, or (4) in some way associated with mythology.

The term may serve as an indicator or identifier. In Kirby's An Introduction to Entomology from 1826, a dominant group of species is determined by a regional distribution. Later, this regional distribution became relative and the term entered the field of evolution. Perhaps it is an evolutionary process.

As the field of dominant group is unknown, mythology is as likely as any other. But, mythologists study the myths and their uses by human groups.

Any dominant group may be only an accident.

Artifacts

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Main resources: Dominant group/Artifacts and Artifacts
These artifacts: potsherds and granite slabs were unearthed at the site of the Subrahmanya Temple, Saluvankuppam. Credit: Ravichandar84.

Def. "[a]n object, such as a tool, weapon or ornament, ... structure or finding in an experiment or investigation ... made or shaped by some agent or intelligence, ... [as] a result of external action, the test arrangement, or an experimental error ... rather than an inherent element"[17] is called an artifact, or artefact.

"Cultural artifact is a term used in the social sciences, particularly anthropology,[18] ethnology,[19] and sociology ... for anything created by humans which gives information about the culture of its creator and users. Usage of this term encompasses the type of archaeological artifact which is recovered at archaeological sites; however, current objects of modern or near-modern society are also cultural artifacts. For example, in an anthropological context, a 17th-century lathe, a piece of faience, or a television each provide a wealth of information about the time in which they were manufactured and used. Cultural artifacts can provide knowledge about technological processes, economy and social makeup, and a host of other subjects."[20]

Dominant group may be only an artifact.

Patrician class

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Main resources: Dominant group/Patrician classes and Patrician classes

"According to Livy, the first 100 men appointed as senators by Romulus were referred to as "fathers" (patres),[21] and the descendants of those men became the Patrician class.[22] The patricians were distinct from the plebeians because they had wider political influence, at least in the times of the Republic."[23]

"Until the year 445 B.C. [-2445 b2k] a regular marriage (iustae nuptiae) could be contracted only between patricians - members of the ruling class."[24] Bold added.

"'Consequently, the ruling class accumulated all the wealth for themselves, and the slave-population filled the country, while the real Italian population decreased terribly, worn out by poverty, taxation, and military service. And when there was a respite from these things they found themselves unemployed, because the land was owned by rich men who used slaves instead of freemen on their farms.' Whatever the origin of this passage may be, it shows the necessary result of the military expansion of Rome,"[24]

Romulus

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Main resources: Classical planets/Romulus and Romulus

Def. in Roman mythology, "[t]he legendary founder of Rome and the twin brother of Remus"[25] is called Romulus.

"Ioannes the Lydian, writing in the sixth century on the usage of his native town, says: 'Our own Philadelpheia still preserves a trace of the ancient belief. On the first day of the month (sc. January) there goes in procession no less a personage than Ianus himself, dressed up in a two-faced mask, and people call him Saturnus, identifying him with Kronos2.'"[26]

"The twins [Romulus and Remus], as in the case of Janus, attach themselves to the Universal Monarch as his two faces, looking in opposite directions."[27]

Romulus may not have been a human, but something in the sky used by a group of humans to make themselves into a ruling class.

Entities

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Main resources: Dominant group/Entities and Entities

"A sociocultural ontology buttressed by mythology and folklore ... reinforces individual and group perceptions of the superiority of the dominant group."[28]

Sources

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Main resources: Dominant group/Sources and Sources

"That these characterizations often stem from misunderstandings of the groups being demonized is of little importance to the groups doing the demonizing since, if the demonization does not serve some overt political end, it seems always to, at least, reinforce the cultural assumptions of the dominant group."[29]

"In the extreme case, which is the situation of advanced monopolization of power, the dominant group may have control over the creation, proliferation and embodiment of the leading concepts of the society and may impose these on society as a whole."[30]

Objects

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Main resources: Dominant group/Objects and Objects

"The Life Tree in a matrilineal society was evidently the dominant group in the succession, consisting of the women and the high status male priests, Page 7."[31]

Jupiter

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Main resources: Classical planets/Jupiter and Jupiter

"At the beginning of the play Fred was just a regular man who, like Jupiter in his human form, could not convince Lizzie of anything; however, after Lizzie's inaction reinstalls the myth that maintains the superiority of his dominant group, he suddenly takes on the mythic qualities of the Senator."[32]

"Jupiter "is the king of the gods and of the universe and, as such, the supreme master of everything including those men who sheepishly submit to his decrees, live by his laws, abide by his commands" (Debusscher 311)."[32]

Saturn

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Main resources: Classical planets/Saturn and Saturn

"He further suggests that the fraternity was that of the Drapers, apparently in Chaucer's time the dominant group among crafts concerned with textiles and cloth."[33]

"Lenormant, speaking of Rome and Olympia, remarks, "It is impossible not to note that the Capitoline was first of all the Mount of Saturn, and that the Roman archaeologists established a complete affinity between the Capitoline and Mount Cronios in Olympia, from the standpoint of their traditions and religious origin (Dionysius Halicarn., i., 34). This Mount Cronios is, as it were, the Omphalos of the sacred city of Elis, the primitive centre of its worship. It sometimes receives the name Olympos."1 Here is not only symbolism in general, but also a symbolism pointing to the Arctic Eden, already shown to be the primeval mount of Kronos, the Omphalos of the whole earth.2"[34]

Venus

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Main resources: Classical planets/Venus and Venus

"Instead we have, appropriately to the theme, a dominant group of knights, Cambel and the three sons of Agape, set in symmetrical relationship and forming, in themselves, a unity; a unity which is emphasised by another tournament which stands over against theirs, the tournament for Florimell's girdle, a scene of pointless and chaotic strife."[35]

America

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Main resources: Classical planets/Klamath folklore and Klamath folklore

“Of "Weasel" I have heard only one instance, here in current application by members of a political faction for the leader of the rival, dominant group, a man notorious for being somewhere else when he was wanted.”[36]

Asia

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Main resources: Classical planets/Sadani folklores and Sadani folklores

"The Sadani literature studied for the present purpose was recorded in the area where the Uraons form the dominant group."[37]

China

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Main resources: Classical planets/Chinese folktales and Chinese folktales

“Hence, Ma Ji, who is originally rejected by the Rakshas, appears like them by hiding his 'ugly' features under black make-up, and becomes accepted by the dominant group.”[38]

Indo-Europe

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Main resources: Classical planets/Thor and Thor

“Finally, the previously mentioned theme of a war between representatives of the first two functions and those of the third is expressed, he asserts, in the mythical conflict between the Aesir, the dominant group of gods, to which Othinn, Tyr, and Thor belong, and the Vanir, to which Freyr, Njordr, and Freyja belong”[39]

Korea

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Main resources: Classical planets/Prince Hodong and Prince Hodong

"Korean folk tales emphasize community values rather than individual values, reinforcing, in the process of reinventing oral tradition, the contemporary ideology of the dominant group, the male elite."[40]

Western folklores

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Main resources: Classical planets/Western folklores and Folklores

"Perhaps not so clearly, folk has carried with it a political and economic meaning, for in most of our employments of the term, an underclass (in analogy to a peasantry) is evoked: one fixed in a marginal socioeconomic relationship to a more centrist and dominant group."[41]

Hypotheses

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Main resource: Hypotheses
  1. Dominant group came before mythology.

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ Kirk, p. 8; "myth", Encyclopædia Britannica
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Mythology, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. May 19, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
  3. ↑ Littleton, Covington. The New Comparative Mythology: An Anthropological Assessment of the Theories of Georges Dumezil. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973
  4. ↑ "Greek mythology, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. May 23, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
  5. ↑ "mythology, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. January 23, 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
  6. ↑ "myth, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. January 23, 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
  7. ↑ "folktale, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. January 13, 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
  8. ↑ Thompson, Stith. Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology & Legend, 1972 s.v. "Fairy Tale"
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Fairy tale, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. March 1, 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-04.
  10. ↑ Merriam-Webster definition of "fairy tale"
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Folklore, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. February 24, 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-04.
  12. ↑ Georges, Robert A., Michael Owens Jones, "Folkloristics: An Introduction," pp.313 Indiana University Press, 1995.
  13. ↑ "legend, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. December 28, 2012. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
  14. ↑ Catherine Orenstein, Little Red Riding Hood Undressed, p. 9. ISBN 0-465-04125-6
  15. ↑ Robert Georges and Michael Owens (1995). Folkloristics. United States of America: Indiana University Press. pp. 7. ISBN 0-253-32934-5. 
  16. ↑ "Legend, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. March 1, 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-04.
  17. ↑ "artifact, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. March 2, 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-04.
  18. ↑ Richard J. Watts (1981). The pragmalinguistic analysis of narrative texts. Gunter Narr Verlag. ISBN 978-3-87808-443-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=4SIXk2bp5u8C&pg=PP1&lr=&as_brr=0#v=onepage&f=false. 
  19. ↑ Rob Amery. Warrabarna Kaurna!. http://books.google.com/books?lr=&as_brr=0&btnG=Search+Books. 
  20. ↑ "Cultural artifact, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. January 9, 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-04.
  21. ↑ Kenny Zeng, 2007, A History Of Ancient and Early Rome
  22. ↑ Livy, Ab urbe condita, 1:8
  23. ↑ "Patrician (ancient Rome), In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. February 21, 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-01.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Otto Kiefer (1952). Sexual Life in ancient Rome. Taylor & Francis. pp. 379. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=W1kVAAAAIAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&ots=ZmX80S8obz&sig=ByMkN-q0QLNWASfKnIeGAULBA74#v=onepage&f=false. Retrieved 2013-03-01. 
  25. ↑ "Romulus, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. January 14, 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
  26. ↑ Arthur Bernard Cook (1925). Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, Volume 2: Zeus God of the Dark Sky (Thunder and Lightning), Part 1. New York, New York USA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1397. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ys83AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=en&sa=X&ei=te0zUaKEKfDp0QHms4HABg&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2013-03-03. 
  27. ↑ David N. Talbott (1980). The Saturn Myth. Garden City, New York, USA: Knopf Doubleday & Company, Inc.. pp. 419. ISBN 0-385-11376-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=tNVlQgAACAAJ&hl=en. Retrieved 2013-01-03. 
  28. ↑ H Stud (April 1990). "Nonacademic Factors Associated with Risk and Attrition". ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report 19 (3): 55-65. doi:10.1002/aehe.3640190308. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aehe.3640190308/abstract. Retrieved 2012-02-25. 
  29. ↑ Colin Ramsay (1994). "Cannibalism and Infant Killing: a system of “demonizing” motifs in Indian captivity narratives.”". Clio - A Journal of Literature History & the Philosophy of History 24 (1): 55. http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5000299439. Retrieved 2012-02-25. 
  30. ↑ Graeme MacQueen (June 1988). "Whose sacred history? Reflections on myth and dominance". Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 17 (2): 143-57. doi:10.1177/000842988801700202. http://sir.sagepub.com/content/17/2/143.extract. Retrieved 2012-02-25. 
  31. ↑ Claire Russell (1981). "The life tree and the death tree". Folklore 92 (1): 56-66. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/1260252. Retrieved 2012-02-25. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Martha Evans Smith (September 2008). "Myth and Power Structures in Sartre's Les Mouches and La Putain respectueuse". CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 10 (3): 1-11. http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1378&context=clcweb. Retrieved 2012-05-25. 
  33. ↑ Joyce Bazire (1959). "V. Middle English: Chaucer". The Year's Work in English Studies XL (1): 73-81. doi:10.1093/ywes/XL.1.73. http://ywes.oxfordjournals.org/content/XL/1/73.full.pdf. Retrieved 2012-02-25. 
  34. ↑ William Fairfield Warren (1885). Paradise Found The Cradle of the Human Races at the North Pole. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company. http://books.google.com/books?id=Nj4RTbq_xyYC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&f=false. Retrieved 2013-01-06. 
  35. ↑ Kathleen Williams (June 1961). "Venus and Diana: Some Uses of Myth in The Faerie Queene". ELH 28 (2): 101-20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2871974. Retrieved 2012-02-25. 
  36. ↑ Theodore Stem (January-March 1956). "Some sources of variability in Klamath mythology". The Journal of American Folklore 69 (271): 1-12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/536935. Retrieved 2011-12-02. 
  37. ↑ Monika Jordan-Horstmann (1977). "Social Aspects of Sadani Oral Literature". Asian Folklore Studies 36 (1): 69-81. doi:10.2307/1177659. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/1177659. Retrieved 2012-02-25. 
  38. ↑ Lily Kong and Elaine Goh (September 1995). "Folktales and reality: the social construction of race in Chinese tales". Area 27 (3): 261-7. http://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/geokongl/folktale.pdf. Retrieved 2011-12-02. 
  39. ↑ C. Scott Littleton (December 1964). "The Comparative Indo-European Mythology of Georges Dumezil". Journal of the Folklore Institute 1 (3): 147-66. http://www.jstor.org/pss/3813900. Retrieved 2011-12-02. 
  40. ↑ Kim Kyunghee & Kim Hyunjung (2008). "Representing the Historical Memory of War in Lim Sung-Nam's Prince Hodong". Dance Chronicle 31 (3): 412-35. doi:10.1080/01472520802402648. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01472520802402648. Retrieved 2012-02-25. 
  41. ↑ Roger D. Abrahams (July 1978). "Towards a Sociological Theory of Folklore: Performing Services". Western Folklore 37 (3): 161-84. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/1498062. Retrieved 2012-02-25. 

Further reading

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