Literature/1977/Soergel

Authors
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

Soergel, Dagobert (1977). "An Automated Encyclopedia: A Solution of the Information Problem?" International Classification, 4(1): 4-10; 4(2): 81-89.

• http://www.dsoergel.com/cv/An%20Automated%20Encyclopedia%20%20a%20Solution%20of%20the%20Information%20Problem.

Authors

• University of Maryland

Abstract

Due to redundancy and lack of specific access, in formation transfer through the literature is costly in time to the user; it is also costly to the author who must repeat much context information before coming to his new contribution. A non-redundant data store or automated encyclopedia could alleviate these problems. The structure of such a data store and procedures for its creation from the literature by controlled removal of redundancy are described. However, an automated encyclopedia would create problems of its own. Its structure would be enormously complex and it would be very expensive to establish. Its acceptance by users and authors is by no means a given. Pilot projects in high-use areas such as medicine and drugs, or statistical methods, and in numerical data compilation are suggested to test the feasibility of an automated encyclopedia and determine a realistic scope for it.

Contents

1. Introduction
   1. The Problem
   2. A solution: the automated encyclopedia
2. Reasons that lead to redundancy in publications in the present system
3. Use of an automated encyclopedia. Its role in information transfer
   1. Selective dissemination of data
   2. Retrospective retrieval of data
   3. Types of requests
   4. Data analysis and inference
   5. Forms of output
   6. Contributing data to the store
4. Structure of an automated encyclopedia
   1. Logical structure of the data store
      1. Representation of data elements
      2. Data reduction through generalization
      3. Context indexing of data elements
      4. Reliability
      5. Indexing of potential uses/applications
      6. Source indications
   2. Remarks on physical storage organizations
5. Building and updating the data store
   1. Introduction
   2. Procedures for building a non-redundant data store from the literature
      1. The principles of collocation of information and controlled redundancy removal
      2. Procedure for processing one document for inclusion of its data elements into the data store
6. Problems arising in removing redundancy and establishing the logical structure of the data store
   1. Keeping track of the sources
   2. What constitutes a data element?
   3. Data element "modes"
   4. Editing sections of text expressing a data element
   5. Terminological standards
   6. Sameness of meaning and data element variants
      1. General discussion of the determination of same ness of meaning
      2. Preliminary list of possible relationships between natural language representations of data elements
   7. Completeness of coverage vs. summarization
7. The principle of complete (non-selective) coverage and evaluative indexing
8. Social and political aspects of an automated encyclopedia
   1. Motivation for contribution and use
   2. Regulation of access for contributors
   3. Regulation of access for users
   4. Other problems
9. Implementation of an automated encyclopedia system
   1. Should an automated encyclopedia system be implemented?
      1. Costs
      2. Benefits
      3. Cost-benefit comparison
   2. Implementation of pilot projects
   3. Preparation for an automated encyclopedia in the present system
10. Conclusions

Wikimedia

w: The Interactive Encyclopedia System w: Human-computer interaction w: Hypertext

w: World Wide Web w: Interpedia w: Internet encyclopedia project

Chronology

• Reagle Jr., Joseph Michael (2010). Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia. MIT Press. ^{[^]}
• Wallace, Danny P. (2007). Knowledge Management: Historical and Cross-Disciplinary Themes. Libraries Unlimited. ^{[^]}
• Literature/2006/Campbell-Kelly ^{[^]}
• Lesk, Michael (2005). Digital Searching to Digital Reading. Presentation at LITA session at American Library Association conference, Chicago, 2005. ^{[^]}
• Gorman, Michael (2004). "Google and God's Mind: The problem is, information isn't knowledge." (Commentary) Los Angeles Times, December 17, 2004. ^{[^]}
• Rees, Martin (2003). Our Final Hour: A Scientist's Warning: How Terror, Error, and Environmental Disaster Threaten Humankind's Future in This Century -- On Earth and Beyond. Basic Books. ^{[^]}
• Literature/2001/Wales ^{[^]}
• Literature/1999/Stallman ^{[^]}
• Rayward, W. Boyd (1999). "H.G. Wells's Idea of a World Brain: A Critical Reassessment," Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(7): 557-573. ^{[^]}
• Cunningham, Ward (1995). WikiWikiWeb. Portland Pattern Repository, Cunningham & Cunningham, Inc. http://c2.com/cgi/wiki ^{[^]}
• Literature/1993/Gates ^{[^]}
• Literature/1990/Berners-Lee ^{[^]}
• Literature/1984/Trigg ^{[^]}
• Shneiderman, Ben (1983). "Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages," Computer, Vol. 16, No. 8 (August 1983) pp. 57-69. ^{[^]}
• Literature/1982/Brown ^{[^]}
• Literature/1980/Berners-Lee ^{[^]}
• Smith, Linda Cheryl (1980). "'Memex' as an image of potentiality in information retrieval research and development." Proceedings of the 3rd annual ACM conference on research and development in information retrieval (SIGIR '80, Cambridge, England, 1980) Kent, UK: Butterworth, 1981. pp. 345-369. ^{[^]}
• Soergel, Dagobert (1977). "An Automated Encyclopedia: A Solution of the Information Problem?" International Classification, 4(1): 4-10; 4(2): 81-89. ^{[^]}
• Fillmore, Charles J. (1976). "Frame Semantics and the Nature of Language," in: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: Conference on the Origin and Development of Language and Speech. Volume 280: 20-32. ^{[^]}
• Kochen, Manfred, ed. (1975). Information for Action: from Knowledge to Wisdom. New York: Academic Press. ^{[^]}
• Kochen, Manfred (1972). "WISE: A World Information Synthesis and Encyclopaedia." Journal of Documentation, 28: 322-341. ^{[^]}
• Kochen, Manfred (1969). "Stability in the Growth of Knowledge." American Documentation, 20 (3): 186-197. ^{[^]}
• Bush, Vannevar (1945). "As We May Think." The Atlantic Monthly (July 1945): 101-108. ^{[^]}
• Wells, H. G. (1938). World Brain. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co. ^{[^]}

Notes

1900s ^ '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 '21 '22 '23 '24 '25 '26 '27 '28 '29 '30 '31 '32 '33 '34 '35 '36 '37 '38 '39 '40 '41 '42 '43 '44 '45 '46 '47 '48 '49 '50 '51 '52 '53 '54 '55 '56 '57 '58 '59 '60 '61 '62 '63 '64 '65 '66 '67 '68 '69 '70 '71 '72 '73 '74 '75 '76 '77 '78 '79 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 2000s '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19

1900s category ^ '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 '21 '22 '23 '24 '25 '26 '27 '28 '29 '30 '31 '32 '33 '34 '35 '36 '37 '38 '39 '40 '41 '42 '43 '44 '45 '46 '47 '48 '49 '50 '51 '52 '53 '54 '55 '56 '57 '58 '59 '60 '61 '62 '63 '64 '65 '66 '67 '68 '69 '70 '71 '72 '73 '74 '75 '76 '77 '78 '79 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 2000s category '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19

1900s works ad hoc '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 '21 '22 '23 '24 '25 '26 '27 '28 '29 '30 '31 '32 '33 '34 '35 '36 '37 '38 '39 '40 '41 '42 '43 '44 '45 '46 '47 '48 '49 '50 '51 '52 '53 '54 '55 '56 '57 '58 '59 '60 '61 '62 '63 '64 '65 '66 '67 '68 '69 '70 '71 '72 '73 '74 '75 '76 '77 '78 '79 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 2000s works '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19

1900s books cat. ^ '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 '21 '22 '23 '24 '25 '26 '27 '28 '29 '30 '31 '32 '33 '34 '35 '36 '37 '38 '39 '40 '41 '42 '43 '44 '45 '46 '47 '48 '49 '50 '51 '52 '53 '54 '55 '56 '57 '58 '59 '60 '61 '62 '63 '64 '65 '66 '67 '68 '69 '70 '71 '72 '73 '74 '75 '76 '77 '78 '79 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 2000s books category '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19

http://books.google.com/advanced_book_search

The shade of the bar looks invariant in isolation but variant in context, in (favor of) sharp contrast with the color gradient background, hence an innate illusion we have to reasonably interpret and overcome as well as the mirage. Such variance appearing seasonably from context to context may not only be the case with our vision but worldview in general in practice indeed, whether a priori or a posteriori. Perhaps no worldview from nowhere, without any point of view or prejudice at all! Ogden & Richards (1923) said, "All experience ... is either enjoyed or interpreted ... or both, and very little of it escapes some degree of interpretation." H. G. Wells (1938) said, "The human individual is born now to live in a society for which his fundamental instincts are altogether inadequate."