Tireless, timeless , effortless maintenance of postures.
The following references are relevant:-
Azam et al (2010) Design, synthesis and anti-Parkinsonian evaluation of 3-alkyl/aryl-8-(furan-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine-2(3H)-thiones against neuroleptic-induced catalepsy and oxidative stress in mice.[1]
Nayebi et al (2010) Buspirone improves 6-hydroxydopamine-induced catalepsy through stimulation of nigral 5-HT(1A) receptors in rats. [2]
Mahmoudi et al (2011) Buspirone improves the anti-cataleptic effect of levodopa in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats.[3]
Northoff et al (1997) Glutamatergic dysfunction in catatonia? Successful treatment of three acute akinetic catatonic patients with the NMDA antagonist amantadine.[1]
Bhati et al(2007) Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Empirical Treatments for Catatonia [2]
Carroll et al(2007) Katatonia - A New Conceptual Understanding of Catatonia and a New Rating Scale [3]
↑ Northoff, G.; Eckert, J. and Fritze, J.
(1997) Full text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 62 (4) 404 – 406.
> Glutamatergic dysfunction in catatonia? Successful treatment of three acute akinetic catatonic patients with the NMDA antagonist amantadine.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1074105/
↑ Bhati, Mahendra T. Catherine J. and O'Reardon, John P. (2007) Full Text Psychiatry (Edgmont). 4 (3) 46–52. Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Empirical Treatments for Catatonia http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2922358/
↑ Carrol, Brendan T.; Kirkhart, Rob: Ahuia, Niraj; Soovere, Ilo; Lauterbach, Edward C.; Dhossche, Dirk and Talbert, Rebecca. (2007) Full Text Psychiatry (Edgmont). 4 (3) 46 – 52. Katatonia - A New Conceptual Understanding of Catatonia and a New Rating Scale. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2729619/
↑ Reuter, I.; Hu, M.; Andrews, T.; Brooks, D.; Clough, C. and Chaudhuri, K. (2000) Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 68 (2) 238 – 241. Late onset levodopa responsive Huntington's disease with minimal chorea masquerading as Parkinson plus syndrome http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1736772/
↑Ciammola, A.; Sassone, J.; Poletti, B.; Menacacci, N.; Benti, R. and Silani,, V. (2011) Full Text Case Report Neurol. Med. 2011 696053. Atypical Parkinsonism Revealing a Late Onset, Rigid and Akinetic Form of Huntington's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3420516/
Choreoathetosis (iinvoluntary, jerky, snake-like movement, udually of the arms)
↑Perkovic. O.; Vitezic, D.; Rudez, J.; Vitezic, M.; Kovacevic, M.; Mrsic-Pelcic, J.; Ljubicic, D. and Jurjevic ,A.(2010) AbstractInt. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.. 48 (1) 76 – 78. Sildenafil induced choreoathetosis in men with Parkinson's disease.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20040342
Clonus (vibrato-like reaction to forced muscle stretching)
Goldman and Litvan (2011)Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease[1]
Litvan et al(2011)MDS Task Force on Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Critical Review of PD-MCI[2]
Weintrub et al (2011)Neurodegeneration Across Stages of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease [3]
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Cognitive_Impairment.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
↑ Litvan, I.; D Aarsland, D.; Adler, C. H.; Goldman, J. G.; Kulisevsky, J.; Mollenhauer, B.; Rodriguez-Oroz, M. C.; AI Tröster, Al and D Weintraub, D. (2011)Full TextMov. Disord. 26 (10) 1814 – 1824. MDS Task Force on Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Critical Review of PD-MCI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181006/
↑ Weintrub, Daniel; Doshi, Jimit;Koka, Deepth; Davatzikos, Christos; Diderowf, Andrew D.; Duda, John E.; Wolk, David, Moberg, Paul J.; Xie, Sharon X. and Clark, Christopher M.(2011)Full TextArch. Neurol. 68 (12) 1562 – 1568. Neurodegeneration Across Stages of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3290902/
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Cogwheel rigidity.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
↑ Findley, L.J.; Gresty, M.A. and Halmagy, G.M.(1981) Full TextJ. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1981 44 (6) 534 –5 46. Tremor, the cogwheel phenomenon and clonus in Parkinson's disease.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC491035/
↑ Jang, Haeman; Boltz, David; Sturm-Ramirez, Katharinr; Shepherd, Kennie R.; Jiao, Yun; Webster, Robert and Smeyne, Richard J. (2009)Full Text Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 106 (33) 14063 – 14068. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus can enter the central nervous system and induce neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2729020/
↑ Nakmgoe, Kyotaka; Watanabe, Masahiki; Takeda, ohoru; Mizutani,Taro; and Tamaoka, Ahira (2009)Full Text BMJ Case Rep. bcr04.2009.1766. > Parkinsonism with organophosphate poisoning http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3029951/
Out-of character uncontrollable urges, for instance gambling.
The following references are relevant:-
Djamshidian et al (2010) Risk and learning in impulsive and non-impulsive patients with Parkinson’s disease[1]
Djamshidian et al (2011)Novelty seeking behaviour in Parkinson’s disease [2]
Bostwick et al (2012)Frequency of New-Onset Pathologic Compulsive Gambling or Hypersexuality After Drug Treatment of Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [3]
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Compulsive behaviour.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
↑ Djamshidian, Atbin; Jha Ashwani; O’SWullivan, Sean S.; Silveira-Moriyama, Laura; Jacobson, Clare; Brown, Peter; Lees, Andrew and Averbeck, Bruno B. (2010)Full Text Mov. Disord. 25 (13) 2203 – 2210 Risk and learning in impulsive and non-impulsive patients with Parkinson’s disease.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093055/
↑Djamshidian, Atbib; O’Sullivan, Sean. S.; Wittman, Bianca C.; Lees, Andrew J. and Averbeck, Bruno B. (2011)Full TextNeuropsychologia. 49 (9) 2483 –2 488. Novelty seeking behaviour in Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3137690/
↑ Bostwick, J. Michael ; Hecksel, Kathleen A.; Stevens, Susanna R.; Bower, James H. and Ahlskog, J. Eric . (2012)Full Text Mayo Clin. Proc. 84 (4) 310 – 316. Frequency of New-Onset Pathologic Compulsive Gambling or Hypersexuality After Drug Treatment of Idiopathic Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3137690/
Decreased ability of intestinal muscles to move stool through the bowels
Gao et al (2011) A Prospective Study of Bowel Movement Frequency and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease [1]
Forsyth et al (2011)Increased Intestinal Permeability Correlates with Sigmoid Mucosa alpha-Synuclein Staining and Endotoxin Exposure Markers in Early Parkinson's Disease [2]
Wang et al (2013) Early recognition of pelvic floor dyssynergia and colorectal assessment in Parkinson's disease associated with bowel dysfunction.[3]
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Constipation.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
↑ Gao, Xiang; Chen, Honglei; Schwarzchild, Michael and Ascherio, Alberto (2011)Full Text Am. J. Epidemiol. 174 (5) 546 – 551. A Prospective Study of Bowel Movement Frequency and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3202149/
↑ Forsyth, Christopher B.; Shannon, Kathleen M.; Kordower, Jeffrey H.; Voigt, Robin M.; Shaikh, Maliha; Jaglin, Jean A.; Eates, Jacob D. and Dodiva, Hemraj B.(2011)Full Text PLoS One. 2011; 6(12): e28032. Increased Intestinal Permeability Correlates with Sigmoid Mucosa alpha-Synuclein Staining and Endotoxin Exposure Markers in Early Parkinson's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3228722/
↑ Wang, C. P.; Sung, W.H.; Wang, C. C. and Tsai, P. Y. color="maroon">(2013)Full Text Colorectal Dis.2013.1111/codi.12105. [Epub ahead of print] Early recognition of pelvic floor dyssynergia and colorectal assessment in Parkinson's disease associated with bowel dysfunction. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23320499
Ebin (1951) Surgical Treatment of Parkinsonism: Indications and Results[1]
Kyriakides and Hewer (1988) Hand contractures in Parkinson's disease. [2]
Shah et al (2005) Flexion contracture after total knee arthroplasty in a patient with Parkinson's disease: successful treatment with botulinum toxin type A. [3]
↑Shah, S.N.; Hornyak, J. and Urquhart, A. G. (2005) Full TextJ. Arthroplasty 20 (8) 1078 - 1080. Flexion contracture after total knee arthroplasty in a patient with Parkinson's disease: successful treatment with botulinum toxin type A.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16376267
Coprolalia(exclamatory swearing and the use of hostile or obscene epithets0
↑Daniele, A.; Bartolomeo, P.; Cassetta, E.; Bentivoglio, A. R.; Gainotti, G.; Albanese, A. and Bartolomeo, P. (1997)Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 62 (3) 288 – 289. Obsessive-compulsive behaviour and cognitive impairment in a parkinsonian patient after left putaminal lesion. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1064163/?page=1
↑Dale, R. C.; Webster, R. and Gill, D. (2007)AbstactMov. Disord. 22 (15) 2281 - 2284. Contemporary encephalitis lethargica presenting with agitated catatonia, stereotypy, and dystonia-parkinsonism. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17914719