Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Transcendental future time perspective, motivation, and emotion
What are the motivational and emotional aspects of transcendental future time perspective?
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Overview
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A woman named Shanti Devi was born in India on the 11th of December 1926. When she was 5 she began remembering her past life, including her previous life, her death and her rebirth. Many scientists believe this to be impossible, or a figment of a child's overactive imagination. However, if it is possible to travel through past and future memories through our minds, then perhaps, it is not so far off to understand how "reincarnation" occurs. It may not be reincarnation at all, but transcending the boundaries of individual time by changing the perspective and looking at what life looked like moments before birth and after death.
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- Time and timing have always been a source of fascination for human beings and have been studied for as long as academia has existed, it is through time that we grasp our reality, and through time that we can comprehend our existence, as such, we have also studied how comprehending and perceiving time contributes to the human psyche and to the human understanding of our lived experiences
- Studies of time date back to the 20th Century (Timoszyk-Tomczak & Bugajska, 2019)
- In Psychology, time is personal, biased and conditioned by one's own experiences - it is subjective and malleable
- Episodic Memory - according to (Tulving, 1972) was like mentally travelling through time
- Considered the potential for mental travel to be the basis for re-living past and pre-living future and could span time beyond individual existence back to the moments before birth or to the moments after death - travelling to these moments comprised the generational, metaphysical and personal contexts connected with the stress caused by the experience of death - it is confronting oneself with the end of one's own existence and believing in the existence of something after death
- Transcendental future time perspective is the idea of time after life
- Encompasses infinite time and is based in deep faith - projections of that time are based in the subjective probability of success and last eternally, which gives it a different dimension and prevents verification
- Creating a vision of existence after death - with context of temporal future the evaluation, improvement or modification of projects in a future beyond mortality is a plane of existence where it is no longer possible to experience failure or success
- Hope is the basis of existence and attitudes towards the world - stimulates thoughts about the future and the implementation of projects despite obstacles - higher level of basic hope characterises persons with higher level of future time perspective as well as with belief in life-after-death and transcendental future time perspective (Ligocka & Timoszyk-Tomczak, 2019)
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Focus questions:
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Time Perspective
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- Time Perspective theory define: individual perceptions of time influence thoughts, emotions, beliefs and actions
- Humans create mental temporal categories to process daily life experiences which in turn influences emotions, thoughts and behaviours (Keough, Zimbardo, & Boyd, 1999)
- Cognitive processes partition human experience into three temporal frames (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999):
- Past
- Present
- Future
- Cognitive processes partition human experience into three temporal frames (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999):
- Unconscious psychological process of conceptualising time to understand life events - pervasive, unrecognised and under-utilised influence on human behaviour
- Time perspective variations are learned through personal, social, and systematic/institutional biases and influences + demonstrates individual-differences variable
Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory
[edit | edit source]- 56 item self-report questionnaire that is standardised measure of an Individual's Time perspective to categorise into 5 factors through which an individual perceives time
- Past Negative - tend to focus on negative memories from past, negative view of life and associated with depression and PTSD
- Past Positive - happy and positive memories of past with high levels of self esteem and healthy outlook on life
- Present Fatalistic - do not believe their own responsibility in the outcome of their life (belief in god, science, spirituality or something/someone else pulling the strings) - belief in predetermined future/fate thus do not see point in changing - depression and anti-social behaviour associations
- Present Hedonistic - driven by positivity, enjoyment and excitement and don't care about future rewards - pleasure seeking and risky behaviours, with low scores on conscientiousness, consistency and impulse control
- Future - forward thinkers, planners, organisers for future - reward driven and delayed gratification - high achievers, impulse control and well-being associated with this orientation
- Optimal orientation: high past-positive, moderate present-hedonistic, moderate future, low past negative and low present fatalistic
- Future also split into Future Negative and Future Positive scale (Carelli et al., 2011) - negative future orientation constitutes for central dimension of temporal perspective
- Three factor Future model (Rohr et al., 2017) - opportunity (perception of positive opportunities in future), extension (perception about time in life remaining), constraint (barriers and constraints during time remaining)
Transcendental Future Time Perspective
[edit | edit source]- Transcendental Future Time Perspective - about the belief of time after death, (spirituality and religion vs science and modernity?)
- Future - domain of motivation and drive to achieve, influencing behaviour and activity (Timoszyk-Tomczak & Bugajska, 2019) - it is unexpected yet expected, known and yet unknown, breeds hopes and fears - could the future transcend the limits of its temporality
- Boyd and Zimbardo (1997) explained transcendental future time as the time after life (from death to eternity) - transcendental future is associated with the capacity to believe in, think about, and imagine immortality
Time Perspective on Motivation and Emotion
[edit | edit source]- Motivation towards self-fulfilling achievements are positively related to fulfilment in the present, pursuit of the goal and to hope, whereas competing achievements are negatively related to the aforementioned
- Emotional support from loved ones was positively related to hope, goal pursuit and fulfilment --> suggesting that emotions play a huge role in how motivational behaviours occur (Kashio, 2012)
- Also, responsibility towards others is also positively related to goal pursuit, but is negatively related to hope, as such, even though responsibility is crucial for motivation, it does not help interpersonal relations
- Essentially, future time orientation is positively linked to high motivation and high self regulation, whilst past negative and present fatalistic orientations are negatively associated with motivation and self regulation (Florin Stanescu & Elena Iorga, 2015)
Transcendental Future Time perspective on Motivation and Emotions
[edit | edit source]- Having a deep future time perspective and increasing the instrumentality of one's behaviour are associated with enhanced motivation, deeper conceptual learning, better performance and intensive persistence (Simons et al., 2004)
- degree of specificity of the goal, the context behind it and the content of the goal are all important to this
- Future oriented older adults also have a more positive outlook not only on life but on death as well, and potentially also on life/time after death - which might be the motivating factor for their positive behaviours (Desmyter & De Raedt, 2012)
- Transcendental future time perspective, due to its subjectivity, cannot be inferred as being potentially influential in terms of temporality when it comes to motivational or emotional behaviours as it deals with existence and time beyond death, there cannot be a need for motivational behaviours in a space where success and failure do not matter, and emotions also do not exist in this timeframe so it can be assumed that within this perspective both emotional and motivational behaviours do not exist
Learning features
[edit | edit source]- Quiz
Conclusion
[edit | edit source]- At the moment, there is very little research being done into the concept of transcendental future time perspective and its implications on the human psyche - there is also a lack of the appropriate tools required to study this perspective, because we have yet to understand the idea of future transcending the current life
- From what we can infer about the temporal orientations from the Time Perspective model, people with future orientations are more likely to demonstrate motivational behaviours and have positive emotional and self-regulatory behaviours
- One study states that with transcendental future time perspective, due to its subjectivity and belief in any form of time/life after death, it is a lot more open to accepting emotional behaviours of all kinds, it is a subjective and spiritual concept, and as such, it seems to encompass the entire spectrum of human emotion, and as far as motivation behaviours are concerned, it can be inferred that this perspective model does not have a positive or negative relationship with motivation because it does not deal with the idea of the binary of success or failure, because if there is time after death, then that is the one place where success or failure do not matter
- This perspective also showcases the idea of human existence being an imperceptible part of the overall concept of time itself, because even with an entire lifetime we cannot comprehend or fathom the way time works, let alone understand how best to shape it to our advantage to extend our existence beyond death
See also
[edit | edit source]- Time perspective - (Wikiversity)
- Time perspective and relationships (Book chapter, 2017)
References
[edit | edit source]Desmyter, F., & De Raedt, R. (2012). The relationship between time perspective and subjective well-being of older adults. Psycologica Belgica, 52(1), 19–38. https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/2109046
Florin Stanescu, D., & Elena Iorga, M. (2015). An Exploratory Study Regarding the Relations between Time Perspective, Achievement Motivation and Self-Regulation. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 3(1), 7–24. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=596250
Kashio, M. (2012). Time perspective and motivation in interpersonal contexts. Japanese Psychological Research, 54(3), 297–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5884.2012.00533.x
Keough, K. A., Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Who's smoking, drinking, and using drugs? Time perspective as a predictor of substance use. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 21(2), 149–164. https://doi.org/10.1207/15324839951036498
Ligocka, M., & Timoszyk-Tomczak, C. (2019). HOPE AND TIME PERSPECTIVE. Socialization & Human Development: International Scientific Journal, 1(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.37096/shdisj-19-1.1-0003
Rohr, M. K., John, D. T., Fung, H. H., & Lang, F. R. (2017). A three-component model of future time perspective across adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 32(7), 597–607. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000191
Simons, J., Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., & Lacante, M. (2004). Placing Motivation and Future Time Perspective Theory in a Temporal Perspective. Educational Psychology Review, 16(2), 121–139. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:edpr.0000026609.94841.2f
Timoszyk-Tomczak, C., & Bugajska, B. (2019). Transcendent and Transcendental Time Perspective Inventory. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02677
Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson, Organization of memory. Academic Press.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271–1288. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1271
External links
[edit | edit source]- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bo4HiVetBd0&t=234s - (Philip Zimbardo: The psychology of time TED Talk)
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-2r9Zbi7EM - (Andrew torch Time Perspective Theory - how do you perceive your life?)