Jump to content

Derivatives

From Wikiversity

Derivative of a function f at a number a

[edit | edit source]

Notation

[edit | edit source]

We denote the derivative of a function at a number as .

Definition

[edit | edit source]

The derivative of a function at a number a is given by the following limit (if it exists):


An analogous equation can be defined by letting . Then , which shows that when approaches , approaches :

Interpretations

[edit | edit source]

As the slope of a tangent line

[edit | edit source]

Given a function , the derivative can be understood as the slope of the tangent line to at :

As a rate of change

[edit | edit source]

The derivative of a function at a number can be understood as the instantaneous rate of change of when .

At a tangent to one point of a curve

[edit | edit source]

Vocabulary

[edit | edit source]

The point A(a; f(a)) is the point in contact of the tangent and Cf.

Definition

[edit | edit source]

If f is differentiable in a, then the curve C admits at a point A which has for coordinates (a ; f(a)), a tangent : it is the straight line passing by A and of direction coefficient f'(a). An equation of that tangent is written: y = f'(a)*(x-a)+f(a)

Degrees

[edit | edit source]

First Degree Derivative [First Order Derivative; f'(x)]

[edit | edit source]

The first degree derivative of a function, commonly showing the slope of the tangent line at one point of the function, shows its instantaneous rate of change. Intuitively, the first degree derivative reveals the direction of the function; a positive first degree derivative shows the increasing of a function, and it shows decreasing when negative.

Minimum/Maximum

[edit | edit source]
Local
[edit | edit source]

Local minimums/maximums are found from solving for f'(x)=0, for f(x) is differentiable for all x on desired interval. When the first order derivative is zero, it suggests the stop in increasing or decreasing. Whether the point x at f'(x)=0 is a maximum or minimum requires the derivative to the left and right of x. If the derivative is positive on the left and negative on the right; if the graph shifts from increasing to decreasing at point x, f(x) at x would be a local maximum. Conversely, If the derivative is negative on the left and positive on the right; if the graph shifts from decreasing to increasing at point x, f(x) at x would be a local maximum.

Global
[edit | edit source]

Global minimums/maximums are found at the smallest/largest y-values of each graph.

A saddle point refers to the point where f'(x)=0 but the graph maintains its movement direction.

Application

[edit | edit source]

In a function that measures an object's disposition, the first order derivative shows its instantaneous change in position, i.e. velocity.

Second Degree Derivative [Second Order Derivative; f''(x)]

[edit | edit source]

The second order derivative takes

Inflection Point

[edit | edit source]

An inflection point refers to the point where the function changes its concavity (from sloping up to down, vice versa). The inflection point is found from solving for f''(x)=0, for f(x) is differentiable for all x on desired interval.

Application

[edit | edit source]

In a function that measures an object's velocity, the first order derivative shows its instantaneous change in velocity, i.e. acceleration.

Go to the School of Mathematics

Differentiation Rules

[edit | edit source]

Power Rule

[edit | edit source]

One of the most commonly used derivative rules for functions in the form of ( raised to the th power), .

Polynomial Differentiations

[edit | edit source]

Taking the derivative of a polynomial requires the differentiation procedure to be applied to each term including the variable .

Example:

Negative Power Differentiations

[edit | edit source]

Taking the derivative of a function in the form can be achieved through rewriting the function with a negative power, .

Example:

Fractional Exponents and Radicals

[edit | edit source]

Differentiating a function with a radical such as a square root,, can be done through rewriting the function in the form with a fraction as the exponent, .

Example:

Quotient Rule

[edit | edit source]

This rule is used to differentiate functions written in the form of .

Example:

Trigonometric Functions

[edit | edit source]

Rules for differentiating trigonometric functions:

Logarithmic Functions

[edit | edit source]

Rules for differentiating logarithmic functions:

Sample Problems

[edit | edit source]

Differentiate the following: