Votian/Phonology: Difference between revisions

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{{languages}}
{{languages}}
{{nonformal}}
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[[w:Votic|Votic language]] is a Finnic language spoken only by few people in Russian Kingissepp district. However there are significant collections of folklore kept mainly in Russia, Finland and Estonia. Moreover Votic songs are still sung by some Estonians <ref> [http://www.estemb.se/events/aid-691 "Raud-Ants" in minority language song contest Liet-Lavlut] </ref> and there are people trying to revitalize <ref> [http://www.pohjarannik.ee/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3415 Gerli Romanovitš ''Mes sa sedaviisi jöngudäd ku räägid, eks räägi ilusast!''] </ref> North-Eastern dialects of Estonia, which have been interpreted as Estonian dialects of strong Votic influence or even entirely independent Finnic dialects <ref> Tiit-Rein Viitsoo 2008. Liivi keel ja läänemeresoome keelemaastikud. Tartu Ülikooli eesti ja üldkeeleteaduse istituut & Eesti Keele Instituut, "Läänemeresoome murdeliigenduse põhijooned" p. 64-67. </ref>.
== Vowels <ref> Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 5 </ref> ==
Votic [[w:dialect|dialect]]s have 9 to 10 [[w:vowel|vowels]]. The chart represents short vowels of [[w:Kattila dialect|Kattila dialect]] <ref> Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 3 </ref>.
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin:auto;"
! &nbsp; !! [[w:Vowels#Backness|Back]] !! Central !! Front !! [[w:Vowels#Roundedness|Labialized]]
|-
| '''[[w:Vowels#Height|High]]''' || u || {{IPA|i̮}} (ɨ) || i || ü
|-
| '''High-mid''' || o || {{IPA|e̮}} (ɤ) || e || ö (ø)
|-
| '''Low''' || a (ɑ) || || ä (æ) ||
|}


Current project will focus on grammatical analyse of all those dialects spoken both in Russia and Estonia.
* {{IPA|i̮}} occurres only in Russian [[w:loanword|loanwords]] e.g. ''štobi̮'' ('so as to').
* {{IPA|e̮}} occurres in the same [[w:stem|stems]] in neighbouring Vaiga (East-Estonian) and Alutaguse dialects of Estonia unlike in all the other Estonian dialects e.g. ''e̮ksaD'' ('boughs') versus Estonian ''oksaD''.
** However it is missing in [[w:Kukkusi dialect|Kukkusi dialect]] dialect. Corresponding stems have ''e, o'' or ''a'' instead like in neighbouring Finnish and [[w:Ingrian|Ingrian]] dialects e.g. ''oma'' ('own') versus ''e̮ma'' of all the other dialects (including those of Estonia).


== Syllabus ==
All these 10 vowels may occur [[w:Vowel length|long]] as well, even if the [[w:syllable|syllable]] they belong to carries no [[w:stress|stress]].
*[[Introduction to Votian dialects]]
* In [[Classification of Votian dialects|some]] [[Eastern Votic dialect]]s, in the nearest villages to Kattila and in Pontizõõ village all the long mid vowels ''ē, ō, {{Unicode|ȫ}}'' have been diphthongized to ''ie, uo, üö'' e.g. ''tüö'' ('work') versus ''tȫ''. Also Alutaguse and Vaiga dialects of Estonia (and many other Finnic dialects) uderwent the same [[w:Vowel shift|vowel shift]].
**[[Votian dialects|Dialects]]
**[[Votian phonology|Phonology]]
*[[Votian Verb|Verb]]
**[[Votian Imperative|Imperative]]
***[[Votian 2. person imperative|2. person]]
****[[Introduction to Votian morphophonology]]
***[[Votian Imperative|1. & 3. person]]
***[[Votian negative imperative|Prohibition]]
***[[Votian indefinite imperative|Indefinite voice]]
**[[Votian Indicative|Indicative]]
***[[Votian present tense|Present tense]]
****[[Votian present tense negation|Negation]]
****[[Votian present tense indefinite voice|Indefinite voice]]
****[[Answering Votian commands|Answering commands]]
***[[Votian imperfect tense|Imperfect tense]]
****[[Votian imperfect tense negation|Negation]]
****[[Votian imperfect tense of indefinite voice|Indefinite voice]]
*[[Votian Interrogatives|Interrogatives (questions)]]
**[[Answering Votian questions|Answering questions]]
*[[Votian Nouns|Nouns]]
**[[Votian Cases|Cases]]
***[[Votian plural nominative|Plural nominative]]
***[[Votian external locative cases|External locative cases]]
****[[Votian Plural Cases|Plural]]
***[[Votian internal locative cases|Internal locative cases]]
****[[Votian Illative|Illative]]
***[[Votian Essive|Essive]]
***[[Votian Exessive|Exessive]]
***[[Votian Translative|Translative]]
***[[Votian Abessive|Abessive]]
***[[Votian Komitative|Komitative]]
***[[Votian main cases|Main cases]]
****[[Votian Genitive|Genitive]]
****[[Votian Instructive|Instructive]]
****[[Votian Partitive|Partitive]]
*[[Votian postpositions and prepositions|Postpositions and prepositions]]
*[[Votian Pronouns|Pronouns]]
**[[Votian interrogative pronouns|Interrogative pronouns]]
**[[Votian indefinite pronouns|Indefinite pronouns]]
**[[Votian demonstrative pronouns|Demonstrative pronouns]]
**[[Votian personal pronouns|Personal pronouns]]
**[[Votian possessive suffixes|Possessive suffixes]]
**[[Votian reflexive pronouns|Reflexive pronouns]]
**[[Votian reciprocal pronouns|Reciprocal pronouns]]
***[[Votian compound sentences|Compound sentences]]
*[[Votian Comparison|Comparison]]
**[[Comparison of Votian Adjectives|Comparison of Adjectives]]
**[[Comparison of Votian Adverbs|Comparison of Adverbs]]
*[[Votian Numerals|Numerals]]
**[[Votian cardinal numbers|Cardinal numbers]]
***[[Votian numeral phrases|Numeral phrases]]
***[[Votian compound numerals|Compound numerals]]
**[[Votian ordinal numbers|Ordinal numbers]]
*[[Votian Morphophonology|Morphophonology]]
**[[Votian vowel harmony|Vowel harmony]]
**[[Votian consonant stem|Consonant stem]]
**[[Votian consonant gradation|Consonant gradation]]
***[[Votian_consonant_gradation|In stems]]
***[[Votian_consonant_gradation|In suffixes]]
*[[Votian Verb|Verb]]
**[[Votian infinitive verbal forms|Infinitive verbal forms]]
***[[Votian Participles|Participles]]
***[[Votian Infinitives|Infinitives]]
**[[Votian auxiliary verbs|Auxiliary verbs]]
***[[Votian perfect tense|Perfect tense]]
***[[Votian pluperfect tense|Pluperfect tense]]
**[[Votian Conditional|Conditional]]
**[[Votian Potential|Potential]]
**[[Votian Optative|Optative]]
**[[Votian Eventive|Eventive]]
*[[Votian Syntax|Syntax]]
*[[Votian Vocabulary|Vocabulary]]


== References ==
Votic has various [[w:diphthong|diphthongs]]:
{{reflist}}
e̮a üe ue̮ ai oi ui e̮i äi ei öi üi ao io uo e̮u eu iu iä üä eü öü oa ua ia au öä iü äü


==Sources==
* [[w:Elna Adler|Adler, Elna]] ja [[w:Merle Leppik|Leppik, Merle]]: Vadja keele sõnaraamat. Tallinn: Signalet, 1990, 1994; Tallinn: Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia, Eesti Keele Instituut, 1996, 2000.
* [[w:Paul Ariste|Ariste, Paul]]: Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948.
* Ariste, Paul: Vadjalaste laule. Emakeele Seltsi toimetised 3. Tallinn, 1960.
* Ariste, Paul: Vadja muinasjutte. Emakeele Seltsi toimetised 4. Tallinn, 1962.
* Ariste, Paul: Vadja rahvakalender. Emakeele Seltsi toimetised 8. Tallinn: Valgus, 1969.
* Ariste, Paul: Vadjalane kätkist kalmuni. Emakeele Seltsi toimetised 10. Tallinn: Valgus, 1974.
* Ariste, Paul: Vadja mõistatusi. Emakeele Seltsi toimetised 13. Tallinn: Valgus, 1979.
* Ariste, Paul: Vadja rahvalaulud ja nende keel. Emakeele Seltsi toimetised 22. Tallinn: Valgus 1986.
* Laanest, Arvo: Sissejuhatus läänemeresoome keeltesse, Tallinn 1975.
* Mälk, Vaina: Vadja vanasõnad. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, 1976.
* Tsvetkov, Dmitri: Vadja keele grammatika. Tallinn, 2008. (in Russian with Estonian translation)
* [[w:Tiit-Rein Viitso|Viitso, Tiit-Rein]]: Vadja keele Luutsa-Liivtšülä murraku fonoloogia. Emakeele Seltsi aastaraamat VII. Tallinn, 1961.


==Further reading==
==Consonants <ref> Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 11 </ref> ==
<!-- {{Incubator|code=vot}} -->
* Агранат Т. Западный диалект водского языка.&nbsp;— М.; Гронинген, 2007.&nbsp;— (В печати).
* Ahlqvist A. Wotisk grammatik jemte språkprof och ordförteckning.&nbsp;— Helsinki, 1856.
* Ariste, Paul: Wotische Sprachproben. Eesti Keele Arhiivi Toimetised 4. Tartu, 1935.
* {{cite book|last=Ariste |first=Paul |authorlink=Paul Ariste |year=1968 |title=A Grammar of the Votic Language |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]] |publisher=[[Indiana University Press|Indiana University]] |isbn=978-0877-50024-7}}
* Ariste, Paul: Vadja keele lugemik eesti filoloogia üliõpilastele. Tartu, 1980.
* [[w:Lauri Kettunen|Kettunen, Lauri]]: Vatjan kielen äännehistoria. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran Toimituksia 185. Helsinki, 1930.
* Kettunen, Lauri: Vatjan kielen Mahun murteen sanasto. Castrenianumin toimitteita 27. Helsinki, 1986.
* Kettunen, Lauri ja Lauri Posti: Näytteitä vatjan kielestä. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 63. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, 1932.
* [[w:Johanna Laakso|Laakso, Johanna]]: Vatjan käänteissanasto. Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskuksen julkaisuja 49. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, 1989.
* [[w:Petri Lauerma|Lauerma, Petri]]: Vatjan vokaalisointu. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, 1993. (Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 214) ISBN 951-9403-57-4.
* Posti, Lauri: Vatjan kielen Kukkosin murteen sanakirja. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, 1980 (Lexica Societatis Fenno-Ugricae XIX).
* Ленсу Я.&nbsp;Я. Материалы по говорам води&nbsp;// Западно-финский сборник.&nbsp;— Л., 1930.
* Mustonen O.&nbsp;A.&nbsp;F. Muistoonpanoja Vatjan kielestä&nbsp;// Virittäjä, 1883.
* [[w:Väinö Salminen|Salminen, Väinö]]: Runonäytteitä Vatjan kielestä. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 1928.
* [[w:Dmitri Tsvetkov|Tsvetkov, Dmitri]]: Vatjan kielen Joenperän murteen sanasto. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, 1995 (Lexica Societatis Fenno-Ugricae XXV).
* Видеман Ф.&nbsp;И. О происхождении и языке вымерших ныне кревинов.&nbsp;— СПб., 1872.


About Finnic dialects in General:
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin:auto;"
* Laanest, Arvo 1982: Einführung in die ostseefinnischen Sprachen. Hamburg. [First Estonian edition: Sissejuhatus läänemeresoome keeltesse, Tallinn 1975.]
!
* Õispuu, Jaan (toim.), Joalaid, Marje (koost.) 1998: Kaheksa keelt, kaheksa rahvast.Tallinna pedagoogikaülikool.
![[w:bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
* Abondolo, Daniel (toim.) 1998: The Uralic languages. London.
![[w:labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
* Kettunen, Lauri 1960: Suomen lähisukukielten luonteenomaiset piirteet. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 119. Helsinki. (Historical phonology)
![[w:dental consonant|Dental]]
* Grünthal, Riho 1997: Livvistä liiviin. Itämerensuomalaiset etnonyymit. (English summary: The Finnic ethnonyms.) Castrenianumin toimitteita 51. Helsinki.
![[w:postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
* Jokipii, Mauno (toim.) 1995: Itämerensuomalaiset - heimokansojen historiaa ja kohtaloita. Jyväskylä.
![[w:palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[w:velar consonant|Velar]]
![[w:glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
![[w:plosive consonant|Voiceless plosive]]
| {{IPA|p}}
|
| {{IPA|t}}
|
|
| {{IPA|k}}
|
|-
![[w:Voiced_consonant|Voiced plosive]]
| {{IPA|b}}
|
| {{IPA|d}}
|
|
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
|
|-
![[w:nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|m}}
|
| {{IPA|n}}
|
|
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|-
![[w:fricative consonant|Voiceless fricative]]
|
| {{IPA|f}}
| {{IPA|s}}
| š ({{IPA|ʃ}})
|
| {{IPA|x}}
|
|-
![[w:fricative consonant|Voiced fricative]]
|
| {{IPA|v}}
| {{IPA|z}}
| ž ({{IPA|ʒ}})
| {{IPA|ʝ}}
|
| {{IPA|h}}
|-
![[w:lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
| {{IPA|l}}
|
| л ({{IPA|ʎ}})
|
|
|-


Samples:
![[w:trill consonant|Trill]]
* Virtaranta, Pertti 1967: Lähisukukielten lukemisto. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran Toimituksia 280. Helsinki.
|
* Virtaranta, Pertti & Suhonen, Seppo 1978: Lähisukukielet. Näytteitä uralilaisista kielistä III. Suomi 119: 3. Helsinki. [With an audio tape.]
|
| {{IPA|r}}
|
|
|
|
|-
![[w:affricate consonant|Voiceless affricate]]
|
|
| {{IPA|ts}}
| tš ({{IPA|tʃ}}), š́tš́
|
|
|
|-
![[w:affricate consonant|Voiced affricate]]
|
|
|
| dž (dʒ)
|
|
|
|}


* ''k, p, t'' are not [[w:aspiration|aspirated]]. They are pronounced very much like the [[w:voiceless|voiceless]] [[w:Stop consonant|stops]] in Finnish or Estonian Alutaguse dialect e.g. ''kana'' ('hen').
* ''g, b, d'' are voiced like their counterparts (''г, б, д'') in [[w:Russian phonology|Russian]] e.g. ''pe̮dra'' ('moose').
** Ending a [[w:phrase|phrase]] they become voiceless (semi-voiced) like their counterparts in standard Estonian e.g. ''annaD'' ('you give').
** Their counterparts are semi-voiced or completely voiceless in Alutaguse and Vaiga dialects regardless of their position.
* ''{{IPA|ŋ}}'' ocurres only as a combinatory phone in front of ''k'' or ''g'' e.g. ''kaŋgaz'' ('fabric').
* ''{{IPA|x}}'' occurres only in Russian, Finnish or Ingrian loanwords e.g. ''staruxa'' ('old woman' ~ Russian ''старуха''), ''mettsä-xāmo'' ('forest elf'). It is [[w:Place of articulation|articulated]] in the same place as ''k'' or ''g''.
* ''{{IPA|h}}'' [[w:Alternation (linguistics)|becomes]] a bit voiced in front of voiced sounds e.g. ''voho'' ('goat').
* ''{{IPA|ʝ}}'' is no semi-vowel (as it is in Estonian), but an intensive voiced fricative e.g. ''ujun'' ('I swim').
* ''š ({{IPA|ʃ}})'' and it's voiced counterpart ''ž ({{IPA|ʒ}})'' occur only in Russian or Ingrian loanwords and in [[w:Onomatopoeia|onomatopoeia]] e.g. ''ženixa'' ('bridegroom' ~ Russian ''жених''), ''karjušiD'' ('shepherds'), ''širizeB'' ('(a bird or insect) sings'). They are pronounced like their counterparts in Russian.
* ''{{IPA|s}}'' reminds voiceless ''{{IPA|s}}'' of Estonian e.g. ''musaD'' ('black (things)'). It's Finnish and Ingrian counterpart is more velar.
** The voiced counterpart of ''{{IPA|s}}'' is ''{{IPA|z}}'' e.g. ''lidnaza'' ('in the town').
** Ending a phrase ''{{IPA|z}}'' becomes voiceless (semi-voiced) like it's counterpart in standard Estonian e.g. ''vē̮raZ'' ('stranger').
* ''{{IPA|l}}'' and ''{{IPA|ʎ}}'' are actually combinatory [[w:allophone|allophones]]. ''{{IPA|l}}'' ocurres with front vowels and ''{{IPA|ʎ}}'' with back vowels ''{{IPA|l}}'' sounds like it's Estonian counterpart and ''{{IPA|ʎ}}'' sounds like it's Russian counterpart (''л'') e.g. ''ʎahsi'' ('child'), ''litši'' ('near').
* ''{{IPA|r}}'' sounds like in standard Finnish and Estonian (i.e. not English but Spanish) e.g. ''repo'' ('fox').
* ''{{IPA|f}}'' occurres only in (Russian) loanwords e.g. ''frovva'' ('Madam'), ''fšoravno'' ('anyway, regardless ...' ~ Russian ''всё равно'').
* ''{{IPA|v}}'' is more intensive than in standard Estonian (i.e. the lower lip indeed presses the upper teeth) e.g. ''varai'' ('early').
* ''tš ({{IPA|tʃ}})'' sounds less palatalized and deeper than Russian ''ч '' e.g. ''tšako'' ('cuckoo').
** ''dž (dʒ)'' is the voiced counterpart of ''tš ({{IPA|tʃ}})'' for the [[w:Consonant gradation|weak grade]]. It may be found mainly in the [[Eastern Votic dialect]] e.g. ''audžiD'' ('pikes' < ''autši'' 'a pike').
* '' š́tš́'' occurres only in Russian loanwords (as a counterpart of ''щ'') e.g. '' š́tš́etina'' ('brush, mane ...' ~ Russian ''щетина'').
* ''{{IPA|ts}}'' is an [[w:alveodental|alveodental]] affricate e.g. ''metsässä'' ('from a forest').


== References ==
{{reflist}}


==See also==
==See also==
* [[w:Votic|Votic language]]
* [[w:Uralic Phonetic Alphabet|Uralic Phonetic Alphabet]]
* [http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206 UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.] (Select « Country or area » : Russian Federation and then Vote in list.)

* [http://dbgw.finlit.fi/skvr/ Suomen Kansan Vanhat Runot] IV division (in 3 volumes) 1925 -1928: Keski-Inkeri (Keski-Inkeri t, Länsi-Inkeri u (vatjalaiset)) You must search by area (Finnish: Perinnealue) "Länsi-Inkeri" and parish (Finnish: Pitäjä) e.g. "Kattila" to find Votian runic songs from that database. I recommend to order them by date: "Järjestä tulokset [ajan] mukaan".
{{nonformal}}
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=vot Ethnologue report on Votic]
{{Template:lesson}}
* [http://www.tooyoo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Russia/Votian/Votian1.html Votian] at ''Indigenous Minority Languages of Russia''
{{Template:51%done-2}}
* [http://www.geocities.com/Vienna/3259/index.html Virtual Votia]
* [http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/votes.shtml The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire]
* {{cite web|author=V. Černiavskij |url=http://vod.org.ua/samou.pdf |title=Vaďďa tšeeli&nbsp;(Izeõpõttaja) / Водский язык&nbsp;(Самоучитель) ("Votic Self-Taught Book") |format=PDF |language=Russian |accessdate=2009-04-17}}
* [http://www.vadjamaa.narod.ru/language/language.html Vađđamaa]
* [http://elf.org.ru/index.php?i=lang&lng=vodsk&l=1 Уроки водского языка в интернете]
* [http://in-yaz-book.narod.ru/vod.html В. Чернявский. Самоучитель водского языка]


{{wikipedia}}
{{wikipedia}}

Revision as of 11:14, 9 September 2009

Subject classification: this is a language-learning resource.
Educational level: this is a non-formal education resource.
Type classification: this is a lesson resource.
Completion status: Deliberately incomplete for educational purposes.
Attribution: User Mikk created this resource and is actively using it. Please coordinate future development with this user if possible.


Votic language is a Finnic language spoken only by few people in Russian Kingissepp district. However there are significant collections of folklore kept mainly in Russia, Finland and Estonia. Moreover Votic songs are still sung by some Estonians [1] and there are people trying to revitalize [2] North-Eastern dialects of Estonia, which have been interpreted as Estonian dialects of strong Votic influence or even entirely independent Finnic dialects [3].

Current project will focus on grammatical analyse of all those dialects spoken both in Russia and Estonia.

Syllabus

References

  1. ↑ "Raud-Ants" in minority language song contest Liet-Lavlut
  2. ↑ Gerli Romanovitš Mes sa sedaviisi jöngudäd ku räägid, eks räägi ilusast!
  3. ↑ Tiit-Rein Viitsoo 2008. Liivi keel ja läänemeresoome keelemaastikud. Tartu Ülikooli eesti ja üldkeeleteaduse istituut & Eesti Keele Instituut, "Läänemeresoome murdeliigenduse põhijooned" p. 64-67.

Sources

  • Adler, Elna ja Leppik, Merle: Vadja keele sõnaraamat. Tallinn: Signalet, 1990, 1994; Tallinn: Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia, Eesti Keele Instituut, 1996, 2000.
  • Ariste, Paul: Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948.
  • Ariste, Paul: Vadjalaste laule. Emakeele Seltsi toimetised 3. Tallinn, 1960.
  • Ariste, Paul: Vadja muinasjutte. Emakeele Seltsi toimetised 4. Tallinn, 1962.
  • Ariste, Paul: Vadja rahvakalender. Emakeele Seltsi toimetised 8. Tallinn: Valgus, 1969.
  • Ariste, Paul: Vadjalane kätkist kalmuni. Emakeele Seltsi toimetised 10. Tallinn: Valgus, 1974.
  • Ariste, Paul: Vadja mõistatusi. Emakeele Seltsi toimetised 13. Tallinn: Valgus, 1979.
  • Ariste, Paul: Vadja rahvalaulud ja nende keel. Emakeele Seltsi toimetised 22. Tallinn: Valgus 1986.
  • Laanest, Arvo: Sissejuhatus läänemeresoome keeltesse, Tallinn 1975.
  • Mälk, Vaina: Vadja vanasõnad. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, 1976.
  • Tsvetkov, Dmitri: Vadja keele grammatika. Tallinn, 2008. (in Russian with Estonian translation)
  • Viitso, Tiit-Rein: Vadja keele Luutsa-Liivtšülä murraku fonoloogia. Emakeele Seltsi aastaraamat VII. Tallinn, 1961.

Further reading

  • Агранат Т. Западный диалект водского языка. — М.; Гронинген, 2007. — (В печати).
  • Ahlqvist A. Wotisk grammatik jemte språkprof och ordförteckning. — Helsinki, 1856.
  • Ariste, Paul: Wotische Sprachproben. Eesti Keele Arhiivi Toimetised 4. Tartu, 1935.
  • Ariste, Paul (1968). A Grammar of the Votic Language. Bloomington: Indiana University. ISBN 978-0877-50024-7. 
  • Ariste, Paul: Vadja keele lugemik eesti filoloogia üliõpilastele. Tartu, 1980.
  • Kettunen, Lauri: Vatjan kielen äännehistoria. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran Toimituksia 185. Helsinki, 1930.
  • Kettunen, Lauri: Vatjan kielen Mahun murteen sanasto. Castrenianumin toimitteita 27. Helsinki, 1986.
  • Kettunen, Lauri ja Lauri Posti: Näytteitä vatjan kielestä. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 63. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, 1932.
  • Laakso, Johanna: Vatjan käänteissanasto. Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskuksen julkaisuja 49. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, 1989.
  • Lauerma, Petri: Vatjan vokaalisointu. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, 1993. (Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 214) ISBN 951-9403-57-4.
  • Posti, Lauri: Vatjan kielen Kukkosin murteen sanakirja. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, 1980 (Lexica Societatis Fenno-Ugricae XIX).
  • Ленсу Я. Я. Материалы по говорам води // Западно-финский сборник. — Л., 1930.
  • Mustonen O. A. F. Muistoonpanoja Vatjan kielestä // Virittäjä, 1883.
  • Salminen, Väinö: Runonäytteitä Vatjan kielestä. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 1928.
  • Tsvetkov, Dmitri: Vatjan kielen Joenperän murteen sanasto. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, 1995 (Lexica Societatis Fenno-Ugricae XXV).
  • Видеман Ф. И. О происхождении и языке вымерших ныне кревинов. — СПб., 1872.

About Finnic dialects in General:

  • Laanest, Arvo 1982: Einführung in die ostseefinnischen Sprachen. Hamburg. [First Estonian edition: Sissejuhatus läänemeresoome keeltesse, Tallinn 1975.]
  • Õispuu, Jaan (toim.), Joalaid, Marje (koost.) 1998: Kaheksa keelt, kaheksa rahvast.Tallinna pedagoogikaülikool.
  • Abondolo, Daniel (toim.) 1998: The Uralic languages. London.
  • Kettunen, Lauri 1960: Suomen lähisukukielten luonteenomaiset piirteet. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 119. Helsinki. (Historical phonology)
  • Grünthal, Riho 1997: Livvistä liiviin. Itämerensuomalaiset etnonyymit. (English summary: The Finnic ethnonyms.) Castrenianumin toimitteita 51. Helsinki.
  • Jokipii, Mauno (toim.) 1995: Itämerensuomalaiset - heimokansojen historiaa ja kohtaloita. Jyväskylä.

Samples:

  • Virtaranta, Pertti 1967: Lähisukukielten lukemisto. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran Toimituksia 280. Helsinki.
  • Virtaranta, Pertti & Suhonen, Seppo 1978: Lähisukukielet. Näytteitä uralilaisista kielistä III. Suomi 119: 3. Helsinki. [With an audio tape.]


See also

  • Votic language
  • UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. (Select « Country or area » : Russian Federation and then Vote in list.)
  • Suomen Kansan Vanhat Runot IV division (in 3 volumes) 1925 -1928: Keski-Inkeri (Keski-Inkeri t, Länsi-Inkeri u (vatjalaiset)) You must search by area (Finnish: Perinnealue) "Länsi-Inkeri" and parish (Finnish: Pitäjä) e.g. "Kattila" to find Votian runic songs from that database. I recommend to order them by date: "Järjestä tulokset [ajan] mukaan".
  • Ethnologue report on Votic
  • Votian at Indigenous Minority Languages of Russia
  • Virtual Votia
  • The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
  • V. Černiavskij. "Vaďďa tšeeli (Izeõpõttaja) / Водский язык (Самоучитель) ("Votic Self-Taught Book")" (PDF) (in Russian). Retrieved 2009-04-17.
  • Vađđamaa
  • Уроки водского языка в интернете
  • В. Чернявский. Самоучитель водского языка
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