WikiJournal of Medicine/Volume 5 Issue 1: Difference between revisions

The Western African Ebola virus epidemic (2013–2016) was the most widespread outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in history—causing major loss of life and socioeconomic disruption in the region, mainly in the countries of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. The first cases were recorded in Guinea in December 2013; later, the disease spread to neighboring Liberia and Sierra Leone, with minor outbreaks occurring elsewhere. It caused significant mortality, with the case fatality rate reported which was initially considerable, while the rate among hospitalized patients was 57–59%, the final numbers 28,616 people, including 11,310 deaths, for a case-fatality rate of 40%. ^* Small outbreaks occurred in Nigeria and Mali, ^* and isolated cases were recorded in Senegal, the United Kingdom and Italy. In addition, imported cases led to secondary infection of medical workers in the United States and Spain but did not spread further. ^* The number of cases peaked in October 2014 and then began to decline gradually, following the commitment of substantial international resources. As of 8 May 2016^[update]World Health Organization (WHO) and respective governments reported a total of 28,616 suspected cases and 11,310 deaths (39.5%), though the WHO believes that this substantially understates the magnitude of the outbreak. ^*

Full text | {{{pdf}}}
doi: 10.15347/wjm/2019.002

[[{{{journal}}}/Anthracyclines|Anthracyclines]]

Authors: {{{authors_plain}}}

Anthracyclines are a clinically important class of antineoplastic agents used to treat a wide variety of solid and blood cancers. The first described anthracycline, daunorubicin, was first isolated from a strain of Streptomyces peucetius in the early 1960s. Clinically the most widely used are doxorubicin, daunorubicin and their semi-synthetic derivatives epirubicin and idarubicin. They primarily act by intercalating with DNA and inhibiting topoisomerase II, resulting in DNA breaks and abrogated DNA synthesis. The most serious side effect of anthracycline use is cumulative dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, limiting recommended maximum lifetime treatment to 400-450 mg/m². Several liposomal formulations of doxorubicin are in use, having the benefits of prolonging retention rate while reducing peak plasma concentration of free drug. Several clinical trials of anthracycline-loaded nanoparticles are currently underway.

[[{{{journal}}}/Anthracyclines|Full text]] | https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiversity/en/0/09/Anthracyclines.pdf
doi: 10.15347/wjm/2018.001

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↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 WHO Ebola Response Team (23 September 2014). "Ebola virus disease in West Africa – the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections". New England Journal of Medicine 371 (16): 1481–1495. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1411100. PMID 25244186. PMC 4235004. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235004/. "... we estimate that the case fatality rate is 70.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 69 to 73) among persons with known clinical outcome of infection."
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 "Case Fatality Rate for ebolavirus". University of Edinburgh. 2015. Archived from the original on 29 August 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help)
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Ebola response roadmap situation report (PDF) (Report). WHO. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015. The reported case fatality rate in the three intense-transmission countries among all cases for whom a definitive outcome is known is 71%.
↑ Ebola Situation report (Report). WHO. 12 January 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
↑ Wappes, Jim. "US health worker monitored as DRC Ebola nears 600 cases". CIDRAP. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
↑ End of Ebola transmission in Guinea (Report). WHO Regional Office for Africa. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
↑ "Update: Mali confirms new case of Ebola, locks down Bamako clinic". Reuters. 12 November 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
↑ Ebola response roadmap situation report update (PDF) (Report). WHO. 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
↑ "Ebola virus disease – Italy". WHO. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
↑ "Una enfermera que atendió al misionero fallecido García Viejo, contagiada de ébola" (in Spanish). El Mundo. 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
↑ Ebola outbreak situation report (PDF) (Report). WHO. 8 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
↑ Ebola data and statistics (Report). WHO. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
↑ Meltzer, Martin I.; Atkins, Charisma Y.; Santibanez, Scott et al. (26 September 2014). "Estimating the future number of cases in the Ebola epidemic – Liberia and Sierra Leone, 2014–2015". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su63e0923a1.htm.
↑ Worl, Justin (2014). "New Ebola Cases Could Hit 10,000 Per Week". Time. Retrieved 28 October 2016.

Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "note", but no corresponding <references group="note"/> tag was found

[:1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 WHO Ebola Response Team (23 September 2014). "Ebola virus disease in West Africa – the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections". New England Journal of Medicine 371 (16): 1481–1495. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1411100. PMID 25244186. PMC 4235004. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235004/. "... we estimate that the case fatality rate is 70.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 69 to 73) among persons with known clinical outcome of infection."

[cfrebolavirus-2] 2.0 ^2.1 "Case Fatality Rate for ebolavirus". University of Edinburgh. 2015. Archived from the original on 29 August 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help)

[WHO2014_12_28-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Ebola response roadmap situation report (PDF) (Report). WHO. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015. The reported case fatality rate in the three intense-transmission countries among all cases for whom a definitive outcome is known is 71%.

[WHOreport-5] Ebola Situation report (Report). WHO. 12 January 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.

[6] Wappes, Jim. "US health worker monitored as DRC Ebola nears 600 cases". CIDRAP. Retrieved 23 January 2019.

[WHO2015_01_21-7] End of Ebola transmission in Guinea (Report). WHO Regional Office for Africa. Retrieved 30 October 2018.

[health-ebola-mali-idINL6N0T15CN20141112-8] "Update: Mali confirms new case of Ebola, locks down Bamako clinic". Reuters. 12 November 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.

[sitrep_7Nov2014-9] Ebola response roadmap situation report update (PDF) (Report). WHO. 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.

[10] "Ebola virus disease – Italy". WHO. Retrieved 28 October 2016.

[El_Mundo-11] "Una enfermera que atendió al misionero fallecido García Viejo, contagiada de ébola" (in Spanish). El Mundo. 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.

[Ebola_Outbreak_total_WHO_8_Oct-12] Ebola outbreak situation report (PDF) (Report). WHO. 8 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.

[08who2016-13] Ebola data and statistics (Report). WHO. Retrieved 9 June 2016.

[CDC_Estimating_future_number_of_cases-14] Meltzer, Martin I.; Atkins, Charisma Y.; Santibanez, Scott et al. (26 September 2014). "Estimating the future number of cases in the Ebola epidemic – Liberia and Sierra Leone, 2014–2015". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su63e0923a1.htm.

[HP_New_cases_10,000_per_week-15] Worl, Justin (2014). "New Ebola Cases Could Hit 10,000 Per Week". Time. Retrieved 28 October 2016.

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 {{Issue header|year = 2018 |volume = 5 |issue = 1 |current = true}}
 {{List entry
+|title = Western African Ebola virus epidemic
 |journal         = WikiJournal of Medicine
 |last1           = Anis