Social Victorians/People/Sutherland

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Also Known As[edit | edit source]

  • Family name: Sutherland-Leveson-Gower
  • Duke of Sutherland
    • George Granville Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 2nd Duke of Sutherland (19 July 1833 – 22 February 1861)[1]
    • George Granville William Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 3rd Duke (22 February 1861 – 22 September 1892)[2]
    • Cromartie Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 4th Duke (22 September 1892 — 27 June 1913)[3]
  • Duchess of Sutherland
    • Lady Harriet Elizabeth Georgiana Howard, 2nd Duke (28 May 1823 – 22 February 1861)
    • Anne Hay-Mackenzie Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 3rd Duke (22 February 1861— 25 November 1888)
    • Mary Caroline Mitchell Blair Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 3rd Duke (4 March 1889 – 25 May 1912) (the 3rd Duke died in 1892 and she remarried in 1896)
    • Millicent Fanny St. Clair-Erskine Leveson-Gower, 4th Duke (22 September 1892 – 20 August 1955? [her death], 1914? [remarriage], 1919? [remarriage])
  • Subsidiary titles associated with the dukedom of Sutherland include the following[4]:

Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies[edit | edit source]

Lord Ronald Gower[edit | edit source]

Friends and Acquaintances[edit | edit source]

  • John O'Connor
  • Oscar Wilde (1876–1888, at least)
  • Rennell Rodd (December 1879–) (Bristow, Introduction, p. 15)
  • John Addington Symonds
  • Frank Hird
  • Roger Fry (met in Venice in 1891)

Organizations[edit | edit source]

  • Granville William Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 3rd Duke of Sutherland, was a member of the Marlborough House Set.
  • Lord Ronald Gower: the sculpting studio of Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse in Paris (1875).[5]

Timeline[edit | edit source]

1849 June 27, George Granville William Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (3rd Duke) and Anne Hay-Mackenzie married at Cliefden House, Buckinghamshire.[2]

1879, Lord Ronald Gower sued the newspaper The Man of the World because of "hints of his homosexual liaisons."[6]

1883, Arthur Kindersley Blair, land agent and business manager working for the 3rd Duke and Mary Caroline Mitchell Blair Sutherland-Leveson-Gower's first husband, died in an accident while hunting with the Duke.[7]

1884 October 20, Cromartie Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (4th Duke) and Millicent Fanny St. Clair-Erskine married.[8]

1888 October 10, Lord Ronald Gower's group of statues memorializing Shakespeare was unveiled in Stratford-upon-Avon. Oscar Wilde was one of the speakers for the event.[9]

1889 March 4, George Granville William Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (3rd Duke) and Mary Caroline Mitchell married in Florida, less than four months after the Duchess's death.[10]

1892 September 22, George Granville William Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (3rd Duke) died, leaving essentially everything to Duchess Blair, leading to conflict and litigation.[11]

1896 November 12, Mary Caroline Mitchell Sutherland-Leveson-Gower and Albert Kaye Rollit married.[7]

1897 July 2, Cromartie, 4th Duke and Millicent, Duchess of Sutherland attended the Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball at Devonshire House. (Millicent, Duchess of Sutherland is #33 on the list of people who were present; Cromartie, Duke of Sutherland is #623.)

1898, Lord Ronald Gower (who was about 43) adopted Frank Hird (about 25) as his son, although their relationship had been sexual.[6]

Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball[edit | edit source]

Millicent, Duchess of Sutherland[edit | edit source]

At the Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball, Millicent, Duchess of Sutherland sat at Table 1 for the first supper seating and

  • was dressed as "Charlotte Corday, in red crêpe, white fichu, and large cap with the tricolour."[12]:5, Col. 7C
  • was dressed as "Charlotte Corday — a soft clinging gown of red crêpe-de-chine, with long sleeves to the waiste, finely tucked white fichu fastened with roses, and muslin cap frilled with point d'Alençon, and having a red, white, and blue rosette."[13]
  • was dressed as "Charlotte Corday. A soft clinging gown of red crepe de chine, with long sleeves to the wrist, finely tucked white fichu fastened with roses, and muslin cap frilled with point d'Aleuçon, and having a red, white, and blue rosette."[14]:7, Col. 7B
  • was dressed "as Charlotte Corday, [and] wore a soft clinging gown of red crêpe de chine with long sleeves to the wrist, finely tucked white fichu fastened with roses, and muslin cap frilled with point d'Alençon, and having a red, white, and blue rosette."[15]:3, Col. 3a
  • was "a striking Charlotte Corday, in crimson crépe de chine, with a white muslin cap and a fichu draped around the shoulders."[16]
  • was "very lovely, as Charlotte Corday, in a red gown, with white cap, and a dagger at the side."[17]:Col. 1
  • was dressed as "'Charlotte Corday' in red velvet and a white cap."[18]:6, Col. 1A
  • was dressed as "Charlotte Corday, and belonged to the Louis Seize group of the Countess of Warwick. She was dressed in an Empire frock of red crêpe de chine, with a fichu of white lisse and a white lisse lace-edged cap, with a tricoloured rosette at one side."[19]
  • "looked prettier than ever as a Charlotte Corday in revolutionary red."[20]:42, Col 1a
  • (dressed as "Charlotte Corday), red crêpe de Chine; Empire gown with chiffon fichu and white roses."[21]:40, Col. 2b
  • This description accompanies a flattering line drawing of the Duchess of Sutherland in costume (Numeral 11 below the drawing, bottom middle, facing down and to her left, body turned slightly to the right, similar to costume, apparently signed by “Rook”): “Made by Mrs Mason, 4, New Burlington Street, W. … No. 11. DUCHESS OF SUTHERLAND, Charlotte Corday. — blood-red crêpe de Chine dress, muslin fichu, and cap bordered with Alençon lace; dagger at waist.”:Col. 2b–c, 3c

Cromartie, Duke of Sutherland[edit | edit source]

The Duke of Sutherland was also present.[22]

Demographics[23][edit | edit source]

  • Nationality: British[24]

Family[edit | edit source]

  • George Granville Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 2nd Duke of Sutherland (8 August 1786 – 22 February 1861)[1]
  • Lady Harriet Elizabeth Georgiana Howard (21 May 1806 – 27 October 1868)[25]
    1. daughter Sutherland-Leveson-Gower
    2. daughter Sutherland-Leveson-Gower
    3. daughter Sutherland-Leveson-Gower
    4. Lady Elizabeth Georgiana Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (30 May 1824 – 25 May 1878)
    5. Lady Evelyn Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (8 August 1825 – 24 November 1869)
    6. Lady Caroline Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (15 April 1827 – 13 May 1887)
    7. George Granville William Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 3rd Duke of Sutherland (19 December 1828 – 22 September 1892)
    8. Lord Frederick George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (11 November 1832 – 6 October 1854)
    9. Lady Constance Gertrude Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (16 June 1834 – 19 December 1880)
    10. Lord Albert Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (21 November 1843 – 23 December 1874)
    11. Lord Ronald Charles Sutherland-Gower (2 August 1845 – 9 March 1916)


  • George Granville William Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 3rd Duke of Sutherland (19 December 1828 – 22 September 1892)[2]
  • Anne Hay-Mackenzie Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Countess of Cromartie (21 April 1829 – 25 November 1888)[26]
  1. George Granville Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Earl Gower (27 July 1850 – 5 July 1858)
  2. Cromartie Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 4th Duke of Sutherland (20 July 1851 – 27 June 1913)
  3. Francis Mackenzie Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl of Cromartie (3 August 1852 – 24 November 1893)
  4. Florence Sutherland-Leveson-Gower Chaplin (17 April 1855 – 10 October 1881)
  5. Alexandra Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (13 April 1866 – 16 April 1891)
  • Mary Caroline Mitchell Blair Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (1848 – 25 May 1912)


  • Millicent Fanny St. Clair-Erskine Leveson-Gower (20 October 1867 – 20 August 1955)[27]
  • Cromartie Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 4th Duke of Sutherland (20 July 1851 – 27 June 1913)[3]
    1. Lady Victoria Elizabeth Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (5 August 1885 – 28 January 1888)
    2. George Granville Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 5th Duke of Sutherland (29 August 1888 – 1 February 1963)
    3. Lord Alastair St. Clair Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (24 January 1890 – 28 April 1921)
    4. Lady Rosemary Millicent Leveson-Gower (9 August 1893 – 21 July 1930)
  • Percy Desmond Fitzgerald (18 April 1873 – 17 August 1933)[28]
  • George Ernest Hawes ( – 1946)[29]

Questions and Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. Oscar Wilde based his character Lord Henry in The Picture of Dorian Grey, and his story "The Portrait of Mr. W. H."[30] is said to depict Lord Ronald Gower's social network.[6]

Footnotes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "George Granville Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 2nd Duke of Sutherland." "Person Page". thepeerage.com. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "George Granville William Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 3rd Duke of Sutherland." "Person Page". thepeerage.com. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Cromartie Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 4th Duke of Sutherland." "Person Page". www.thepeerage.com. Retrieved 2021-09-11. https://www.thepeerage.com/p989.htm#i9886.
  4. ↑ "Duke of Sutherland". Wikipedia. 2020-10-02. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke_of_Sutherland&oldid=981522236. 
  5. ↑ Bristow, Joseph. "Introduction." Wilde Discoveries: Traditions, Histories, Archives. Ed., Joseph Bristow. University of Toronto Press, 2013.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Lord Ronald Gower". Wikipedia. 2020-08-28. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Ronald_Gower&oldid=975342587. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Mary Caroline Mitchell." "Person Page". thepeerage.com. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  8. ↑ "Cromartie Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 4th Duke of Sutherland." "Person Page". thepeerage.com. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  9. ↑ Bristow, Joseph. "Oscar Wilde, Ronald Gower, and the Shakespeare Monument." Etudes Anglaises 2016 (vol. 69, no. 1), pp. 7–22. doi:10.3917/etan.691.0007. https://www.cairn.info/revue-etudes-anglaises-2016-1-page-7.htm.
  10. ↑ "George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 3rd Duke of Sutherland". Wikipedia. 2020-09-22. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Sutherland-Leveson-Gower,_3rd_Duke_of_Sutherland&oldid=979773240. 
  11. ↑ "September 22, 1892 — The Duchess Blair." Hughes, Tom (2011-09-04). "Victorian Calendar: September 22, 1892 --- The Duchess Blair". Victorian Calendar. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  12. ↑ "Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses." London Daily News Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6A–6, Col. 1B. British Newspaper Archive http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.
  13. ↑ "Ball at Devonshire House." The Times Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1A–4C The Times Digital Archive. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.
  14. ↑ "Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." Morning Post Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4A–8 Col. 2B. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.
  15. ↑ “The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London Evening Standard 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.
  16. ↑ “The Devonshire House Ball. A Brilliant Gathering.” The Pall Mall Gazette 3 July 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 10], Col. 2A–3A. British Newspaper Archive http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970703/019/0007.
  17. ↑ “The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” Westminster Gazette 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.
  18. ↑ "The Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Dress Ball. Special Telegram." Belfast News-Letter Saturday 03 July 1897: 5 [of 8], Col. 9 [of 9]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000038/18970703/015/0005.
  19. ↑ "Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy-Dress Ball. Brilliant Spectacle." The [Guernsey] Star 6 July 1897, Tuesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 1–2. British Newspaper Archive http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000184/18970706/003/0001.
  20. ↑ “Girls’ Gossip.” Truth 8 July 1897, Thursday: 41 [of 70], Col. 1b – 42, Col. 2c. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18970708/089/0041.
  21. ↑ “The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The Gentlewoman 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.
  22. ↑ "The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball. Essex People Present. Lady Warwick Looking ‘Very Lovely, Very Queenly.’" Chelmsford Chronicle 9 July 1897: 2 [of 8], Col. 6 [of 9]B). British Newspaper Archive http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000322/18970709/008/0002.
  23. ↑ “Dresses Worn at the Duchess of Devonshire’s Fancy Ball on July 2.” The Queen, The Lady’s Newspaper 10 July 1897, Saturday: 52 [of 98 BNA; p. 75 print page], full page [3 of 3 cols.]. British Newspaper Archive  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18970710/169/0049.
  24. ↑ "George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 2nd Duke of Sutherland". Wikipedia. 2021-08-15. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Sutherland-Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Duke_of_Sutherland&oldid=1038874402.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sutherland-Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Duke_of_Sutherland.
  25. ↑ "Lady Harriet Elizabeth Georgiana Howard." "Person Page". thepeerage.com. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  26. ↑ "Anne Hay-Mackenzie, Countess of Cromartie." "Person Page". thepeerage.com. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  27. ↑ "Lady Millicent Fanny St. Clair-Erskine." "Person Page". thepeerage.com. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  28. ↑ "Brig.-Gen. Percy Desmond FitzGerald." "Person Page". thepeerage.com. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  29. ↑ "Lt.-Col. George Ernest Hawes." "Person Page". thepeerage.com. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  30. ↑ Wilde, Oscar (1921). The portrait of Mr. W. H. The Library of Congress. New York, M. Kennerley. http://archive.org/details/portraitofmrwh01wild. 
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