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Introduction

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The State of Open Data, a 2019 book from African Minds

Open data can come from any source. This section lists some of the fields that publish (or at least discuss publishing) a large amount of open data.

Open Data in Science

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Main resource: w:en:Open scientific data

The concept of open access to scientific data was established with the formation of the World Data Center system, in preparation for the International Geophysical Year of 1957–1958.[1] The International Council of Scientific Unions (now the International Council for Science) oversees several World Data Centres with the mission to minimize the risk of data loss and to maximize data accessibility.[2]

Open Science Data

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While the open-science-data movement long predates the Internet, the availability of fast, readily available networking has significantly changed the context of Open science data, as publishing or obtaining data has become much less expensive and time-consuming.[3]

Human Genome Project

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The Human Genome Project was a major initiative that exemplified the power of open data. It was built upon the so-called Bermuda Principles, stipulating that: "All human genomic sequence information … should be freely available and in the public domain in order to encourage research and development and to maximize its benefit to society".[4] More recent initiatives such as the Structural Genomics Consortium have illustrated that the open data approach can be used productively within the context of industrial R&D.[5]

OECD

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In 2004, the Science Ministers of all nations of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which includes most developed countries of the world, signed a declaration which states that all publicly funded archive data should be made publicly available.[6] Following a request and an intense discussion with data-producing institutions in member states, the OECD published in 2007 the OECD Principles and Guidelines for Access to Research Data from Public Funding as a soft-law recommendation.[7]

Examples of Open Data in Science

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  • data.uni-muenster.de – Open data about scientific artifacts from the University of Muenster, Germany. Launched in 2011.
  • Dataverse Network Project – archival repository software promoting data sharing, persistent data citation, and reproducible research.[8]
  • linkedscience.org/data – Open scientific datasets encoded as Linked Data. Launched in 2011, ended 2018.[9][10]
  • systemanaturae.org – Open scientific datasets related to wildlife classified by animal species. Launched in 2015.[11]

Open Data in Government

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There are a range of different arguments for government open data.[12][13] (see also Open Government and PSI Directive). Some advocates say that making government information available to the public as machine readable open data can facilitate government transparency, accountability and public participation. "Open data can be a powerful force for public accountability—it can make existing information easier to analyze, process, and combine than ever before, allowing a new level of public scrutiny."[14] Governments that enable public viewing of data can help citizens engage within the governmental sectors and "add value to that data."[15] Open data experts have nuanced the impact that opening government data may have on government transparency and accountability. In a widely cited paper, scholars David Robinson and Harlan Yu contend that governments may project a veneer of transparency by publishing machine-readable data that does not actually make government more transparent or accountable.[16] Drawing from earlier studies on transparency and anticorruption,[17] World Bank political scientist Tiago C. Peixoto extended Yu and Robinson's argument by highlighting a minimal chain of events necessary for open data to lead to accountability:

  1. relevant data is disclosed;
  2. the data is widely disseminated and understood by the public;
  3. the public reacts to the content of the data; and
  4. public officials either respond to the public's reaction or are sanctioned by the public through institutional means.[18]

Some make the case that opening up official information can support technological innovation and economic growth by enabling third parties to develop new kinds of digital applications and services.[19]

Several national governments have created websites to distribute a portion of the data they collect. It is a concept for a collaborative project in the municipal Government to create and organize culture for Open Data or Open government data.

Additionally, other levels of government have established open data websites. There are many government entities pursuing Open Data in Canada. Data.gov lists the sites of a total of 40 US states and 46 US cities and counties with websites to provide open data, e.g., the state of Maryland, the state of California, US[20] and New York City.[21]

At the international level, the United Nations has an open data website that publishes statistical data from member states and UN agencies,[22] and the World Bank published a range of statistical data relating to developing countries.[23] The European Commission has created two portals for the European Union: the EU Open Data Portal which gives access to open data from the EU institutions, agencies and other bodies[24] and the European Data Portal that provides datasets from local, regional and national public bodies across Europe.[25] The two portals were consolidated to data.europa.eu on April 21, 2021.

Italy is the first country to release standard processes and guidelines under a Creative Commons license for spread usage in the Public Administration. The open model is called the Open Data Management Cycle and was adopted in several regions such as Veneto and Umbria.[26][27][28] Main cities like Reggio Calabria and Genova have also adopted this model.[citation needed][29]

In October 2015, the Open Government Partnership launched the International Open Data Charter, a set of principles and best practices for the release of governmental open data formally adopted by seventeen governments of countries, states and cities during the OGP Global Summit in Mexico.[30]

Open Data in Non-profit Organizations

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Many non-profit organizations offer open access to their data, as long it does not undermine their users', members' or third party's privacy rights. In comparison to for-profit corporations, they do not seek to monetize their data. OpenNWT launched a website offering open data of elections.[31] CIAT offers open data to anybody who is willing to conduct big data analytics in order to enhance the benefit of international agricultural research.[32] DBLP, which is owned by a non-profit organization Dagstuhl, offers its database of scientific publications from computer science as open data.[33]

Hospitality exchange services, including Bewelcome, Warm Showers, and CouchSurfing (before it became for-profit) have offered scientists access to their anonymized data for analysis, public research, and publication.[34][35][36][37][38]

References

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  1. ↑ Committee on Scientific Accomplishments of Earth Observations from Space, National Research Council (2008). Earth Observations from Space: The First 50 Years of Scientific Achievements. The National Academies Press. p. 6. doi:10.17226/11991. ISBN 978-0-309-11095-2. http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11991&page=6. Retrieved 2010-11-24. 
  2. ↑ World Data System (September 27, 2017). "Data Sharing Principles". www.icsu-wds.org. ICSU-WDS (International Council for Science - World Data Service). Retrieved 2017-09-27.
  3. ↑ Vuong, Quan-Hoang (December 12, 2017). "Open data, open review and open dialogue in making social sciences plausible". Nature: Scientific Data Updates. http://blogs.nature.com/scientificdata/2017/12/12/authors-corner-open-data-open-review-and-open-dialogue-in-making-social-sciences-plausible/. Retrieved June 30, 2018. 
  4. ↑ Human Genome Project, 1996. Summary of Principles Agreed Upon at the First International Strategy Meeting on Human Genome Sequencing (Bermuda, 25–28 February 1996)
  5. ↑ Perkmann, Markus; Schildt, Henri (2015). "Open Data Partnerships between Firms and Universities: The Role of Boundary Organizations". Research Policy 44 (5): 1133–1143. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2014.12.006. 
  6. ↑ OECD Declaration on Open Access to publicly funded data Archived 20 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ Pilat, D.; Fukasaku (29 June 2007). "OECD Principles and Guidelines for Access to Research Data from Public Funding". Data Science Journal 6: 4–11. doi:10.2481/dsj.6.OD4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220390209_OECD_Principles_and_Guidelines_for_Access_to_Research_Data_from_Public_Funding. Retrieved 31 January 2024. 
  8. ↑ "Dataverse Network Project". Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  9. ↑ "Data". Linked Science. 2012-10-17. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
  10. ↑ Kauppinen, Tomi; de Espindola, Giovanna Mira (2011). Linked Open Science—Communicating, Sharing and Evaluating Data, Methods and Results for Executable Papers (PDF). International Conference on Computational Science, ICCS 2011. Vol. 4. Procedia Computer Science.
  11. ↑ "Home". Wildlife DataSets, Animal Population DataSets and Conservation Research Projects, Surveys - Systema Naturae. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
  12. ↑ Gray, Jonathan (3 September 2014). Towards a Genealogy of Open Data. General Conference of the European Consortium for Political Research in Glasgow. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2605828. SSRN 2605828 – via SSRN.
  13. ↑ Brito, Jerry (21 October 2007). "Hack, Mash, & Peer: Crowdsourcing Government Transparency". Columbia Science & Technology Law Review 9: 119. doi:10.2139/SSRN.1023485. 
  14. ↑ Yu, Harlan; Robinson, David G. (2012-02-28). "The New Ambiguity of 'Open Government'". UCLA Law Review Discourse 59. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2012489. 
  15. ↑ Robinson, David G.; Yu, Harlan; Zeller, William P.; Felten, Edward W. (2009-01-01). "Government Data and the Invisible Hand". Yale Journal of Law & Technology (Rochester, NY) 11. 
  16. ↑ uclalaw (2012-08-08). "The New Ambiguity of "Open Government"". UCLA Law Review. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
  17. ↑ Lindstedt, Catharina; Naurin, Daniel (June 2010). "Transparency is not Enough: Making Transparency Effective in Reducing Corruption". International Political Science Review 31 (3): 301–322. doi:10.1177/0192512110377602. ISSN 0192-5121. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0192512110377602. 
  18. ↑ uclalaw (2013-05-02). "The Uncertain Relationship Between Open Data and Accountability: A Response to Yu and Robinson's The New Ambiguity of "Open Government"". UCLA Law Review. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
  19. ↑ "The Economic Impact of Open Data: Opportunities for value creation in Europe | data.europa.eu". data.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
  20. ↑ "California Open Data Portal". data.ca.gov. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
  21. ↑ Data, City of New York, NYC Open. "NYC Open Data". NYC OpenData. Retrieved 2019-05-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ↑ "UNdata". data.un.org. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
  23. ↑ "World Bank Open Data | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
  24. ↑ "Data.europa.eu". Retrieved 2019-05-07.
  25. ↑ "Home | Open Data Portal". data.europa.eu. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
  26. ↑ "Open Data Management Cycle" (in Italian).
  27. ↑ "Linee guida per l'ecosistema regionale veneto dei dati aperti (Open Data)" (in Italian).
  28. ↑ "Modello Operativo Open Data (MOOD) Umbria" (in Italian).
  29. ↑ "Linee guida programmatiche della Città Metropolitana di Genova" (PDF) (in Italian).
  30. ↑ "The Open Data Charter: A Roadmap for Using a Global Resource". The Huffington Post. 27 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  31. ↑ Green, Arthur C. (17 September 2019). "OpenNWT announces launch of new election information website". My Yellowknife Now.
  32. ↑ Oyuela, Andrea; Walmsley, Thea; Walla, Katherine (30 December 2019). "120 Organizations Creating a New Decade for Food". Food Tank. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  33. ↑ "dblp: How can I download the whole dblp dataset?". dblp.uni-trier.de. Dagstuhl. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  34. ↑ Victor, Patricia; Cornelis, Chris; De Cock, Martine; Herrera-Viedma, Enrique (2010). "Bilattice-based aggregation operators for gradual trust and distrust". World Scientific Proceedings Series on Computer Engineering and Information Science (World Scientific): 505–510. doi:10.1142/9789814324700_0075. ISBN 978-981-4324-69-4. https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1108551. 
  35. ↑ Dandekar, Pranav. Analysis & Generative Model for Trust Networks (PDF). Stanford Network Analysis Project (Report). Stanford University.
  36. ↑ Overgoor, Jan; Wulczyn, Ellery; Potts, Christopher (20 May 2012). "Trust Propagation with Mixed-Effects Models". Sixth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM12/paper/viewPaper/4627. 
  37. ↑ Lauterbach, Debra; Truong, Hung; Shah, Tanuj; Adamic, Lada (August 2009). "Surfing a Web of Trust: Reputation and Reciprocity on CouchSurfing.com". 2009 International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering. 4. pp. 346–353. doi:10.1109/CSE.2009.345. ISBN 978-1-4244-5334-4. 
  38. ↑ Tagiew, Rustam; Ignatov, Dmitry. I; Delhibabu, Radhakrishnan (2015). "Hospitality Exchange Services as a Source of Spatial and Social Data?". 2015 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshop (ICDMW). IEEE. pp. 1125–1130. doi:10.1109/ICDMW.2015.239. ISBN 978-1-4673-8493-3. 

See also

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