Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Artificial intelligence empathy

Artificial intelligence empathy:
How can algorithms relate to humans?

Edit the placeholder chapter title and sub-title above.
Ensure exact match of wording and casing (capitalisation) with the 2024 list of topics.
All sub-titles end with a question mark.
Seek approval for any changes to wording and punctuation.
Do not list author name. Authorship is as per the page's edit history.

Multimedia presentation (3 min)

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Overview

Figure 1. AI is getting more and more complex. Have you ever felt lonely? If you have friends, you can help remedy this feeling by sending one a message- start a conversation! If you're feeling a little down, maybe you could vent to this friend. This can work well if your friend is free to talk, but if you happen to feel down during work hours or when everyone else is asleep, you can be left with no-one to talk to. Now, an AI "chatbot" can fill the role of that friend 24/7 (see figure 1)! There is someone you can talk to whenever, wherever. But is the experience the same as talking to a human? Could it be... better?

The problems:

Figure 2. Can AI be empathic?

• Friends aren't always available to talk
• Venting can overwhelm a friend
• Can AI really replicate the experience of talking to a friend?

This template provides tips for the topic development exercise. Gradually remove these suggestions as the chapter develops. It is OK to retain some of this template content for the topic development exercise. Also consult the book chapter guidelines.

The Overview is typically consists of one to four paragraphs inbetween the scenario and focus questions. Suggested word count aim for the Overview: 180 to 330 words.

Suggestions for this section: Engage the reader with a scenario, example, or case study, and an accompanying image Explain the problem and why it is important Outline how psychological science can help Present focus questions

Focus questions: Break the problem (i.e., the sub-title) down into three to five focus questions. Focus questions can also be used as top-level headings. How effective is AI's empathy? How can it be applied? Will AI be the future of psychology? Ask open-ended focus questions. For example: Is there a relationship between motivation and success? (closed-ended) What is the relationship between motivation and success? (open-ended)

Headings

• Aim for three to six main headings inbetween the Overview and Conclusion
• Sub-headings can also be used, but
  • avoid having sections with only one sub-heading
  • provide an introductory paragraph before breaking into sub-sections

Key points

• Provide at least three bullet-points per headingʔ and sub-heading, including for the Overview and Conclusion
• Include key citations

Figures

Figure 3. Example of an image with a descriptive caption.

• Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and to serve as examples
• Figures can show photos, diagrams, graphs, video, audio, etcetera
• Embed figures throughout the chapter, including the Overview section
• Figures should be captioned (using Figure #. and a caption). Use captions to explain the relevance of the image to the text/
• Wikimedia Commons provides a library of embeddable images
• Images can also be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons if they are openly licensed
• Refer to each figure at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 2)

Learning features

Interactive learning features help to bring online book chapters to life and can be embedded throughout the chapter.

Scenarios

• Scenarios or case studies describe applied/real-world examples of concepts in action
• Case studies can be real or fictional
• A case study could be split into multiple boxes throughout a chapter (e.g., to illustrate different theories or stages)
• It is often helpful to present case studies using feature boxes.

Feature boxes

• Important content can be highlighted in a feature box. But don't overuse feature boxes, otherwise they lose their effect.
• Consider using feature boxes for:
  • Scenarios, case studies, or examples
  • Focus questions
  • Tips
  • Quiz questions
  • Take-home messages

Links

• When key words are introduced, use interwiki links to:
  • Wikipedia (e.g., Sigmund Freud wrote about (e.g., dreams) or
  • Related book chapters (e.g., writer's block)

Tables

• Use to organise and summarise information
• As with figures, tables should be captioned
• Refer to each table at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1)
• Example 3 x 3 tables which could be adapted

Table 1. Descriptive Caption Which Explains The Table and its Relevant to the Text - Johari Window Model

	Known to self	Not known to self
Known to others	Open area	Blind spot
Not known to others	Hidden area	Unknown

Quizzes

• Using one or two review questions per major section is usually better than a long quiz at the end
• Quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia
• Don't make quizzes too hard
• Different types of quiz questions are possible; see Quiz

Example simple quiz questions. Choose your answers and click "Submit":

Is this empathy or sympathy?

1 "I know how you feel":

	empathy
	sympathy

2 "I'm sorry to hear that":

	empathy
	sympathy

Conclusion

• The Conclusion is arguably the most important section
• Suggested word count: 150 to 330 words
• It should be possible for someone to only read the Overview and the Conclusion and still get a pretty good idea of the problem and what is known based on psychological science

Suggestions for this section: What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? What are the answers to the focus questions? What are the practical, take-home messages? (Even for the topic development, have a go at the likely take-home message)

See also

Provide internal (wiki) links to the most relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related motivation and emotion book chapters) and Wikipedia articles. Use these formats:

• Artificial emotion (Book chapter, 2023)
• Empathy versus sympathy (Book chapter, 2024)
• Generative artificial intelligence (Wikipedia)

References

List cited references in APA style (7th ed.) or wiki style.

APA style example:

Ahmed, A., Aziz, S., Toro, C. T., Alzubaidi, M., Irshaidat, S., Serhan, H. A., Abd-alrazaq, A. A., & Househ, M. (2022). Machine Learning Models to Detect Anxiety and Depression through Social Media: A Scoping Review. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine Update, 100066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpbup.2022.100066

Assuncao, G., Patrao, B., Castelo-Branco, M., & Menezes, P. (2022). An Overview of Emotion in Artificial Intelligence. IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, 1–1. https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2022.3159614

Balcombe, L., & De Leo, D. (2022). Human-Computer Interaction in Digital Mental Health. Informatics, 9(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics9010014

Bartneck, C., Lyons, M. J., & Saerbeck, M. (2017, June 28). The Relationship Between Emotion Models and Artificial Intelligence. ArXiv.org. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1706.09554

Cao, S., Fu, D., Yang, X., Wermter, S., Liu, X., & Wu, H. (2022, December 1). Can AI detect pain and express pain empathy? A review from emotion recognition and a human-centered AI perspective. ArXiv.org. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2110.04249

Ghotbi, N. (2022). The Ethics of Emotional Artificial Intelligence: A Mixed Method Analysis. Asian Bioethics Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41649-022-00237-y

External links

Provide external links to highly relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. Use sentence casing. For example:

• AI can use your voice to detect depression (Psychology Today)
• The risks of using AI to interpret human emotions (Harvard Business Review)

Suggestions for this section: Only select links to major external resources about the topic Present in alphabetical order Include the source in parentheses after the link