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Indo-European languages

From Wikiversity

This page provides a classification of the Indo-European languages and analyses of the major European languages.

For an overview of the Indo-European languages, including spread and classification, please see Wikipedia's article on Indo-European languages.

Germanic Languages

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  • Western Germanic
    • Anglo-Frisian
      • English Languages/Anglic
        • Old English (OE:Anglo-Saxon; spoken between approx. 450 - 1100 CE)
        • Middle English (ME:Anglo-Norman; spoken between approx. 1100 - 1500 CE)
          • Yola Language (spoken between ? - mid-16th century CE)
        • Early Modern English (EMnE; spoken between approx. 1500 - 1650 CE)
        • Modern English (MnE; spoken beginning approx. 1650 - present) However, there are some divergent dialects of Modern English where phonology and orthography vary, particularly among British English (including South African English, Australian English, etc.) and North American English.
        • Scots
          • Early Scots (spoken between approx. ? - 1450 CE)
          • Middle Scots (spoken between 1450 - 1700 CE)
          • Modern Scots
      • Frisian Languages
        • West Frisian
        • Saterland Frisian
        • North Frisian
        • Middle Frisian (spoken between approx. 1500 - 1820 CE)
        • Old Frisian (spoken between approx. 700 - 1500 CE)
    • Low German
      • Dutch Low German
      • West Low German
      • East Low German
      • Low Franconian Languages (sometimes defined as separate branch of West German)
        • Afrikaans
        • Dutch
          • Flemish
    • High German
    • b:German
    • Yiddish
    • Luxembourgish
    • Central German Dialects
    • Upper German Dialects
    • Vilamovian
  • Northern Germanic (Scandinavian)
    • Danish
    • Icelandic
    • Norwegian
    • Swedish
    • Faeroese
    • Norn
    • Elfdalian
  • East Germanic (extinct)
    • Gothic
    • Crimean Gothic
    • Vandalic
    • Burgundian

Romance Languages

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  • Western Romance
    • Gallo-Romance
      • French
      • Norman
      • Picard
      • Walloon
      • Francoprovençal
    • Occitano-Romance
    • Ibero-Romance
      • b:Spanish
      • Astur-leonese
        • Asturian
        • Leonese
        • Mirandese
        • Extremaduran
      • Galician-Portuguese
        • Galician
        • Portuguese
        • Fala
      • Gallo-Italic
        • Piedmontese
        • Ligurian
        • Emilian-Romagnol
        • Lombard
        • Rhaeto-Romance
          • Friulian
          • Ladin
          • Romansch
    • Italo-Dalmatian
      • b:Italian
      • Venetian
      • Istriot
      • Dalmatian (extinct, spoken until the 19th century)
      • Tuscan
      • Corsican
      • Neapolitan
      • Sicilian
    • Southern Romance
      • Sardinian
      • African Romance (extinct)
    • Eastern Romance
      • Romanian
      • Aromanian
      • Megleno-Romanian
      • Istro-Romanian

Slavic Languages

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  • 'Western
    • Czech
    • Polish
    • Slovak
    • Sorbian (also called Lusatian or Wendish - a Slavic language spoken by an isolated group in East Germany)
  • Eastern
    • Belarussian
    • Russian
    • Ukrainian
  • Southern

Baltic

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  • Latvian
  • Lithuanian

Celtic

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Hellenic (Greek)

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Albanian

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  • Tosk
    • Standard Albanian
    • Arbëresh
    • Arvanitiki
  • Gheg

Armenian

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Indo-Iranian

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  • Indo-Aryan (Indic)
    • Assamese
    • Bengali
    • Bihari
    • Gujarati(ગુજરાતી)
    • HIndi(हिन्दी)
    • Urdu(اردو)
    • Marathi
    • Punjabi (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ)
    • Romani
    • Sanskrit
    • Sindhi
    • Singhalese
  • Iranian
    • Avestan
    • Baluchi
    • Persian
    • Kurdish
    • Pashto (Afghan)
    • Sogdian