IT Fundamentals/2014/Networking
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< IT Fundamentals | 2014
A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. Networked computing devices pass data to each other in the form of packets across connections established using either cable or wireless media.[1] This lesson covers computer networks, wireless networks, addressing, and shared resources.
Objectives and Skills
[edit | edit source]Objectives and skills for the networking portion of IT Fundamentals certification include:[2]
- Compare and contrast different methods of sharing and storage
- Local vs. hosted storage
- File and print sharing
- Workgroup
- Homegroup
- Network drives
- Network attached storage
- Direct attached storage
- External hard drives
- File and print sharing
- Network vs. local printing
- USB
- Wireless / wired network
- Local vs. hosted storage
- Given a scenario, set up and configure a basic SOHO router (wired / wireless)
- Verify wired connection, if applicable
- Verify Internet connectivity
Readings
[edit | edit source]- Wikipedia: Computer network
- Wikipedia: Wireless network
- Wikipedia: IP address
- Wikipedia: Shared resource
Multimedia
[edit | edit source]- YouTube: IT Fundamentals - Basic Networking Devices
- YouTube: Introduction to Computer Networks Part 1 - Easy to understand basics
- YouTube: Introduction to Computer Networks Part 2 - Easy to understand basics
- YouTube: Introduction to Computer Networks Part 3 - Easy to understand basics
- YouTube: Introduction to Networking
- YouTube: Lecture - Networking
- YouTube: Lecture - OSI Model
Activities
[edit | edit source]- Review Internet Archive: What is the Difference Between a Domain, a Workgroup, and a Homegroup. Compare and contrast different methods of sharing and storage between a domain, workgroup, and homegroup. On Windows, identify whether your system belongs to a domain, workgroup, or homegroup.
- Review IP address settings for your local network:
- Windows:
- Review Microsoft: How do I fix network adapter problems? and Microsoft: Change TCP/IP Settings. Review network settings for your system.
- Review ipconfig. Complete the activities to display IP address information, all information, and release and renew a dynamic IP address.
- OS X:
- Review Apple: About Network Utility. Use Network Utility to review network settings for your system.
- Review MacWorld: Configuring Your Mac's Network Settings Use System Preferences / Network to review network settings for your system. Use the Advanced button and TCP/IP settings to renew your DHCP lease.
- Review Wikipedia: ifconfig. Use
ifconfig
to review network settings for your system.
- Linux:
- Review YoLinux: Network GUI Configuration Tools. Use Network Configuration or System Settings / Networking to review network settings for your system.
- Review Wikipedia: ifconfig. Use
ifconfig
to review network settings for your system. Review CyberCiti: Linux Force DHCP Client to Renew IP Address. Usedhclient
to release and renew a dynamic IP address.
- Windows:
- Verify Internet connectivity:
- Verify a physical connection:
- Wired: Check for connectivity lights on the network adapter and switch or router.
- Wireless: Check for connectivity through the user interface.
- Verify ip address settings.
- Windows: Use
ipconfig
. - OS X: Use Network Utility, System Preferences / Network, or
ifconfig
. - Linux: Use Network Configuration, System Settings / Networking, or
ifconfig
.
- Windows: Use
- Review Ping/Host. Verify local and remote connectivity using
ping
.- Ping your local IP address.
- Ping your local default gateway address.
- Ping an Internet host such as 8.8.8.8.
- Review Nslookup. Verify name resolution using
nslookup
and an Internet host name, such as en.wikiversity.org.
- Verify a physical connection:
- Share a folder and connect to the shared folder:
- Windows GUI:
- Review File Sharing Essentials. Share a folder on your system.
- From another computer, use a UNC path to connect to the shared folder.
- Windows CLI:
- Review Microsoft: Net Share. Use the
net share
command to share a folder on your system. - Review Microsoft: Net Use. From another computer, use the
net use
command to connect to the shared folder.
- Review Microsoft: Net Share. Use the
- OS X:
- Review Apple: Mac Basics: File Sharing. Share a folder on your system.
- Review Apple: Connect to Shared Computers and File Servers on a Network. From another computer, connect to the shared folder.
- Linux:
- Review TechGage: Using Samba to Share Your Linux Folders. Install Samba if necessary and share a folder on your system.
- Review HowToGeek: 3 Easy Ways to Connect to Windows Shared Folders from Linux. From another computer, connect to the shared folder.
- Windows GUI:
- Play the GoCertify: OSI Networking game to practice matching protocols to their corresponding OSI layer.
Lesson Summary
[edit | edit source]- A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. Networked computing devices pass data to each other in the form of packets across connections established using either cable or wireless media.[3]
- A network packet is a formatted unit of data sent through a network to the destination. Once packets arrive, they are reassembled into their original message.[4]
- Wired media includes coaxial cable, twisted-pair cable, and optical fiber.[5]
- Wireless local area network connections use spread spectrum technology based on a common flavor of open-standards wireless radio-wave technology defined as IEEE 802.11 and known as Wi-Fi.[6]
- A network interface controller (NIC) is hardware that provides a computer with the ability to access the transmission media, and has the ability to process low-level network information.[7]
- In Ethernet networks, each NIC has a unique 48-bit Media Access Control (MAC) address.[8]
- A repeater or hub is an electronic device that receives a network signal in the form of bits, cleans it of unnecessary noise, and regenerates it. In local area networks, switches have replaced hubs.[9]
- A bridge or switch is a device that connects and filters multiple network segments or devices, by forwarding data only to one or multiple devices that need to receive the data based on destination MAC address.[10]
- A router is a device that forwards data packets between different computer networks based on network address (IP address).[11]
- A modem is a device used to connect network nodes via wire not originally designed for digital network traffic, by modulating the digital signal to produce an analog signal for transmission.[12]
- A firewall is a device used to control network security and access rules by rejecting access requests from unrecognized sources while allowing actions from recognized ones.[13]
- An access point is a device that allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network using Wi-Fi, or related standards.[14]
- An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device participating in a network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host identification and network addressing.[15]
- IP addresses are 32-bit (IPv4) or 128-bit (IPv6) numbers usually written and displayed in human-readable notations, such as 198.51.100.1 (IPv4), and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 (IPv6).[16]
- IP addresses are assigned to a host either anew at the time of booting, or permanently by fixed configuration of its hardware or software. Persistent configuration is also known as using a static IP address. In contrast, in situations when the computer's IP address is assigned newly each time, this is known as using a dynamic IP address.[17]
- Static IP addresses are manually assigned to a computer by an administrator.[18]
- Dynamic IP addresses are assigned either by the computer interface or host software itself through automatic configuration, or assigned by a server using Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).[19]
- A shared resource, or network share, is a computer resource made available from one host to other hosts on a computer network.[20]
- Common network sharing protocols include Server Message Block (Windows, OS X, Unix-like), Apple File Protocol (OS X), and Network File System (Unix-like).[21]
- In SOHO networks, a decentralized approach is often used, where every user may make their local folders and printers available to others. This approach is sometimes denoted as a workgroup or peer-to-peer network.[22]
- In a workgroup, each computer is responsible for its own security, rather than relying on centralized authentication.[23]
- Windows 7 and later Microsoft operating systems extend the workgroup with a homegroup option that uses a password to join computers into the group, and allows users' libraries, along with individual files and folders, to be shared between multiple computers.[24]
- In larger networks, a centralized file server or print server, sometimes denoted client–server network, is typically used. A client process on the local user computer takes the initiative to start the communication, while a server process on the file server or print server remote computer passively waits for requests to start a communication session.[25]
- The centralized authentication approach used in larger networks is referred to as a domain, where all user accounts, computers, printers and other security principals, are registered with a central directory service.[26]
- In very large networks, a Storage Area Network (SAN) approach to shared resources may be used in addition to file and print servers.[27]
ipconfig
is a Microsoft Windows console application that displays all current TCP/IP network configuration values and can modify Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP and Domain Name System DNS settings.[28]ifconfig
is a system administration utility in Unix-like operating systems that has features for configuring, controlling, and querying TCP/IP network interface parameters.[29]ping
is a computer network administration software utility used to test the reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network and to measure the round-trip time for messages sent from the originating host to a destination computer.[30]nslookup
is a network administration command-line tool available for many computer operating systems for querying the Domain Name System (DNS) to obtain domain name or IP address mapping or for any other specific DNS record.[31]net share
is a Microsoft Windows command that manages shared resources.[32]net use
is a Microsoft Windows command that connects a computer to or disconnects a computer from a shared resource, or displays information about computer connections.[33]
Key Terms
[edit | edit source]- DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
- A standardized network protocol used on Internet Protocol (IP) networks for dynamically distributing network configuration parameters, such as IP addresses for interfaces and services.[34]
- directory service
- A software system that stores, organizes, and provides access to operating system information.[35]
- DNS (Domain Name Services or Domain Name Server)
- A hierarchical distributed naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network.[36]
- Ethernet
- A family of computer networking technologies for local area networks (LANs) and metropolitan area networks (MANs) standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3.[37]
- IP (Internet Protocol)
- The principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for routing / relaying datagrams across network boundaries.[38]
- IP address
- A numerical label assigned to each device in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.[39]
- LAN (Local Area Network)
- A computer network that interconnects computers within a limited geographic area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building.[40]
- MAC address
- A unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for communications on the physical network segment.[41]
- protocol
- A system of digital rules for data exchange within or between computers.[42]
- SAN (Storage Area Network)
- A dedicated network that provides access to consolidated, block level data storage.[43]
- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
- A core protocol of the Internet Protocol Suite that provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of octets between applications running on hosts communicating over an IP network.[44]
- TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol)
- The computer networking model and set of communications protocols used on the Internet and similar computer networks.[45]
- topology
- The arrangement of the various elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a computer network.[46]
Review Questions
[edit | edit source]-
A computer network or data network is a _____. Networked computing devices pass data to each other in the form of _____ across connections established using _____.A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. Networked computing devices pass data to each other in the form of packets across connections established using either cable or wireless media.
-
A network packet is a ___. Once packets arrive, they are _____.A network packet is a formatted unit of data sent through a network to the destination. Once packets arrive, they are reassembled into their original message.
-
Wired media includes _____, _____, and _____.Wired media includes coaxial cable, twisted-pair cable, and optical fiber.
-
Wireless local area network connections use _____ technology based on a common flavor of open-standards wireless radio-wave technology defined as _____ and known as _____.Wireless local area network connections use spread spectrum technology based on a common flavor of open-standards wireless radio-wave technology defined as IEEE 802.11 and known as Wi-Fi.
-
A network interface controller (NIC) is _____.A network interface controller (NIC) is hardware that provides a computer with the ability to access the transmission media, and has the ability to process low-level network information.
-
In Ethernet networks, each NIC has a unique _____.In Ethernet networks, each NIC has a unique 48-bit Media Access Control (MAC) address.
-
A repeater or hub is _____. In local area networks, hubs have been replaced by _____.A repeater or hub is an electronic device that receives a network signal in the form of bits, cleans it of unnecessary noise, and regenerates it. In local area networks, switches have replaced hubs.
-
A bridge or switch is _____.A bridge or switch is a device that connects and filters multiple network segments or devices, by forwarding data only to one or multiple devices that need to receive the data based on destination MAC address.
-
A router is _____.A router is a device that forwards data packets between different computer networks based on network address (IP address).
-
A modem is _____.A modem is a device used to connect network nodes via wire not originally designed for digital network traffic, by modulating the digital signal to produce an analog signal for transmission.
-
A firewall is _____.A firewall is a device used to control network security and access rules by rejecting access requests from unrecognized sources while allowing actions from recognized ones.
-
An access point is _____.An access point is a device that allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network using Wi-Fi, or related standards.
-
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is _____. An IP address serves two principal functions: _____ and _____.An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device participating in a network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host identification and network addressing.
-
IP addresses are _____-bit (IPv4) or _____-bit (IPv6) numbers usually written and displayed in human-readable notations, such as _____ (IPv4), and _____ (IPv6).IP addresses are 32-bit (IPv4) or 128-bit (IPv6) numbers usually written and displayed in human-readable notations, such as 198.51.100.1 (IPv4), and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 (IPv6).
-
IP addresses are assigned to a host either _____, or _____.IP addresses are assigned to a host either anew at the time of booting, or permanently by fixed configuration of its hardware or software. Persistent configuration is also known as using a static IP address. In contrast, in situations when the computer's IP address is assigned newly each time, this is known as using a dynamic IP address.
-
Static IP addresses are assigned _____.Static IP addresses are assigned to a computer manually by an administrator.
-
Dynamic IP addresses are assigned _____.Dynamic IP addresses are assigned either by the computer interface or host software itself through automatic configuration, or assigned by a server using Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).
-
A shared resource, or network share, is _____.A shared resource, or network share, is a computer resource made available from one host to other hosts on a computer network.
-
Common network sharing protocols include _____, _____, and _____.Common network sharing protocols include Server Message Block (Windows, OS X, Unix-like), Apple File Protocol (OS X), and Network File System (Unix-like).
-
In SOHO networks, a decentralized approach is often used, where _____. This approach is sometimes denoted as a _____ or _____ network.In SOHO networks, a decentralized approach is often used, where every user may make their local folders and printers available to others. This approach is sometimes denoted as a workgroup or peer-to-peer network.
-
In a workgroup, each computer is responsible for _____.In a workgroup, each computer is responsible for its own security, rather than relying on centralized authentication.
-
Windows 7 and later Microsoft operating systems extend the workgroup with _____.Windows 7 and later Microsoft operating systems extend the workgroup with a homegroup option that uses a password to join computers into the group, and allows users' libraries, along with individual files and folders, to be shared between multiple computers.
-
In larger networks, a centralized file server or print server, sometimes denoted _____, is typically used. A _____ process on the local user computer takes the initiative to start the communication, while a _____ process on the file server or print server remote computer passively waits for requests to start a communication session.In larger networks, a centralized file server or print server, sometimes denoted client–server network, is typically used. A client process on the local user computer takes the initiative to start the communication, while a server process on the file server or print server remote computer passively waits for requests to start a communication session.
-
The centralized authentication approach used in larger networks is referred to as a _____, where all _____ are registered with _____.The centralized authentication approach used in larger networks is referred to as a domain, where all user accounts, computers, printers and other security principals, are registered with a central directory service.
-
In very large networks, a _____ approach to shared resources may be used in addition to file and print servers.In very large networks, a Storage Area Network (SAN) approach to shared resources may be used in addition to file and print servers.
-
ipconfig is _____.ipconfig is a Microsoft Windows console application that displays all current TCP/IP network configuration values and can modify Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP and Domain Name System DNS settings.
-
ifconfig is _____.ifconfig is a system administration utility in Unix-like operating systems that has features for configuring, controlling, and querying TCP/IP network interface parameters.
-
ping is _____.ping is a computer network administration software utility used to test the reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network and to measure the round-trip time for messages sent from the originating host to a destination computer.
-
nslookup is _____.nslookup is a network administration command-line tool available for many computer operating systems for querying the Domain Name System (DNS) to obtain domain name or IP address mapping or for any other specific DNS record.
-
net share is _____.net share is a Microsoft Windows command that manages shared resources.
-
net use is _____.net use is a Microsoft Windows command that connects a computer to or disconnects a computer from a shared resource, or displays information about computer connections.
Assessments
[edit | edit source]- Flashcards: Quizlet: IT Fundamentals - Networking
- Quiz: Quizlet: IT Fundamentals - Networking
See Also
[edit | edit source]References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ Wikipedia: Computer network
- ↑ CompTIA IT Fundamentals Certification Exam Objectives (FC0-U51)
- ↑ Wikipedia: Computer network
- ↑ Wikipedia: Computer network
- ↑ Wikipedia: Computer network
- ↑ Wikipedia: Computer network
- ↑ Wikipedia: Computer network
- ↑ Wikipedia: Computer network
- ↑ Wikipedia: Computer network
- ↑ Wikipedia: Computer network
- ↑ Wikipedia: Computer network
- ↑ Wikipedia: Computer network
- ↑ Wikipedia: Computer network
- ↑ Wikipedia: Wireless access point
- ↑ Wikipedia: IP address
- ↑ Wikipedia: IP address
- ↑ Wikipedia: IP address
- ↑ Wikipedia: IP address
- ↑ Wikipedia: IP address
- ↑ Wikipedia: Shared resource
- ↑ Wikipedia: Shared resource
- ↑ Wikipedia: Shared resource
- ↑ Wikipedia: Workgroup (computer networking)
- ↑ Wikipedia: Features new to Windows 7
- ↑ Wikipedia: Shared resource
- ↑ Wikipedia: Windows domain
- ↑ Wikipedia: Shared resource
- ↑ Wikipedia: ipconfig
- ↑ Wikipedia: ifconfig
- ↑ Wikipedia: Ping (networking utility)
- ↑ Wikipedia: nslookup
- ↑ Microsoft TechNet: Net Share
- ↑ Microsoft TechNet: Net Use
- ↑ Wikipedia: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
- ↑ Wikipedia: Directory service
- ↑ Wikipedia: Domain Name System
- ↑ Wikipedia: Ethernet
- ↑ Wikipedia: Internet Protocol
- ↑ Wikipedia: IP address
- ↑ Wikipedia: Local area network
- ↑ Wikipedia: MAC address
- ↑ Wikipedia: Communications protocol
- ↑ Wikipedia: Storage area network
- ↑ Wikipedia: Transmission Control Protocol
- ↑ Wikipedia: Internet protocol suite
- ↑ Wikipedia: Network topology