Votian/Second Person Imperative

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Votian Imperative

The second person (direct order)

	Singular	Plural
Morpheme	-k	-ka'a

• The morpheme -k is pronounced as -G in Eastern Votic dialect. All the other dialects both in Ingria and Estonia have lost the phoneme *k in the end of words e.g. tširje̮taG ~ tširjota (~ Alutaguse: kirjotta ~ kirjutta) ('Write!').
• The morpheme -ka'a
  • Pronunciation of Ingria
    • depends in consonant gradation of suffixes
      • -gā after unstressed syllables of vowel stems e.g. tširjottagā ('Write!').
      • otherwise it is pronounced -kā e.g. e̮лkā ('Be!').
    • The vowel of any imperative suffix remains always the same regardless to vowel harmony rules e.g. jättägā ('Leave (it)!').
  • Lüganuse dialect of Alutaguse
    • All the long vowels without primary stress have been shortened (influenced by Mid Estonian dialect).
    • The counterpart of g is semi-voiced G e.g. paluGa ('Beg!').
    • G has finally replaced even k in voiced environment (influenced by Mid Estonian dialect) e.g. e̮lGa ('Be!').
    • The vowel a alternates with ä in Lüganuse (and Kodavere) according to vowel harmony rules e.g. jättäGä ('Leave (it)!') vs. tuoGa ('Bring (it)!').

Morphophonology

In all dialects both in Ingria and Estonia:

• Plural of the second person imperative takes a consonant stem if possible e.g. e̮лkā ('Be!').
• Singular of the second person imperative never follows any consonant stem e.g. e̮лe̮G ('Be!').

• Plural and singular of the second person imperative are always in opposite grades caused by consonant gradation in stems e.g. jättä-gā vs. jätä ('Leave (it)!') or page̮t-kā vs. pake̮ne̮ ('Escape!').

Phonological history

• Plural of the 2. person's imperative -ka'a (< -*kata) is probably composed of imperative component -k + plural 2. person's ta .

1. t was lost due to the consonant gradation in suffixes .
2. a of the subsequent syllables melt into ā.
3. Long vowels disappeared in the dialects of Estonia.

Other Finnic dialects

• Singular
  • Standard Finnish : lue (~ lue-k in some dialects) ('Read!')
  • Vesjegonski Karelian dialects : luve ('Read!')
  • Vepsian dialects : luge ('Read!')
  • Hevaha Ingrian : lue-G ('Read!')
  • Standard Estonian : loe ('Read!')
  • Võro dialects : ann̆a-ʔ ('Give!')
  • Livonian dialects : lu ̉-G ('Read!')

• Plural
  • Standard Finnish : luke-kaa ('Read!')
  • Savo dialects : anto-a < *anta-k̆at̆a ('Give!') (due to the consonant gradation in suffixes)
  • Vesjegonski Karelian dialects : luge-kki̮a ('Read!')
  • Lude Karelian dialects : luge-gat̄ ('Read!')
  • Vepsian dialects : luge-gat ('Read!')
  • Ingrian dialects : luGe-Gā(n) ('Read!')
  • Standard Estonian : luge-ge ('Read!')
  • Old scriptures in Tartu dialect : wöt-ket ('Take!') (by Joachim Rossihnius)
  • Livonian dialects : lu ̉ggi-giD ('Read!')

See also

• Grammar of Votian dialects (syllabus)

Educational level: this is a non-formal education resource.

Type classification: this is a lesson resource.

Completion status: Deliberately incomplete for educational purposes.

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