Votian/Consonant Stem
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Consonant stems occur in limited declensions and conjugations.
Their stem-vowel (originally e) was omitted in front of certain morphemes only.
Those morphemes started with k, n or t.
The stem-consonant was h, *k (> h), l, n, r, s or t.
m was later replaced with n, when stem-vowel was dropped e.g. лume̮-лta ('from the snow' ablative ) vs. лun-ta ('(Take some) snow' partitive ). [1]
Conjugations
[edit | edit source]Following conjugation types have consonant stems [2]:
- VIII Conjugation: -e stems e.g. imperative plural pes-kā vs. singular peze-G ('Wash!').
- IX Conjugation: -t stems e.g. imperative plural vassat-kā vs. singular vassā-G ('Answer!').
- X Conjugation: -ne stems e.g. imperative plural e̮hse̮t-kā vs. singular e̮hse̮ne̮-G ('Spew! Vomit!').
Morphemes
[edit | edit source]Following morphemes take a consonant stem where available:
- Imperative
- Past Participles e.g. jute̮л-лu < *jute̮л-nut.
- Indefinite voice e.g. jute̮л-tī.
- ta Infinitive e.g. jute̮л-лa < *jute̮л-tak.
Declensions
[edit | edit source]Following declension types have consonant stems [3]:
- X Declension: -e stems e.g. plural nominative tuлe̮-D vs. singular partitive tuл-ta ('fire').
- XI Declension: -ks stems e.g. plural nominative vare̮hse̮-D vs. singular partitive vare̮s-sa ('crow') < *vare̮s-ta.
- XII Declension: -nen stems e.g. plural nominative naize̮-D vs. singular partitive nais-sa ('wife') < *nais-ta.
- XIII Declension: -n stems e.g. plural nominative sēmene-D vs. singular partitive sēmē-tä ('seed') < *sēmen-ta.
- XIII Declension: -m stems e.g. plural nominative ve̮ttime̮-D vs. singular partitive ve̮tī-ta ('key') < *ve̮tin-ta.
- XIII Declension: -nt stems e.g. plural nominative ke̮лme̮tte̮̮me̮̮-D vs. singular partitive ke̮лme̮t-te̮̮ ('the third') < *ke̮лme̮tte̮̮n--ta Jõgõperä dialect.
- XIV Declension: -s stems e.g. plural nominative ampā-D vs. singular partitive ammas-sa ('tooth') < *ammas-ta.
- XIV Declension: -k stems e.g. plural nominative sitē̮-D vs. singular partitive sie̮t-ta ('tie') < *sie̮k-ta.
- XIV Declension: -h stems e.g. plural nominative ernē-D vs. singular partitive erneh-tä ('pea') [4].
- XV Declension: -t stems e.g. plural nominative lühǖ-D vs. singular partitive lühüt-tä ('short').
Morphemes
[edit | edit source]Following morphemes take a consonant stem where available:
- Singular partitive e.g. tuл-ta ('fire').
(in certain dialects also:)
- Singular essive e.g. tševän-nä ('in spring') < *kevät-na.
- Plural genitive e.g. ammas-te ('of teeth') in late Alutaguse and Vaiga dialects of Estonia influenced by Mid Estonian dialect.
References
[edit | edit source]See also
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