# University of Florida/Eml4507/Team 7 Report 5

## Problem 1

On our honor, we did this assignment on our own, without looking at the solutions in previous semesters or other online solutions.


### Find

Solve the general eigenvalue problem for the spring-mass-damper system given on p.53-13 of 'Fead.s13.sec.53b', compare results obtained in Pb-53-6 and verify mass orthogonality of eigenvectors.

### Given

${\displaystyle M={\begin{pmatrix}3&0\\0&2\end{pmatrix}}}$

${\displaystyle K={\begin{pmatrix}30&-20\\-20&35\end{pmatrix}}}$

### Solution

Solving the general eigenvalue problem

${\displaystyle Kx=\lambda Mx}$
${\displaystyle \lambda Mx-Kx=0}$
${\displaystyle (\lambda M-K)x=0}$

${\displaystyle \lambda M-K={\begin{pmatrix}3\lambda -30&20\\20&2\lambda -35\end{pmatrix}}}$

${\displaystyle det(\lambda M-K)=0}$

Calculating the determinant
${\displaystyle (3\lambda -30)(2\lambda -35)-400=0}$
${\displaystyle 6\lambda ^{2}-165\lambda +1050=0}$

Therefore, the Eigenvalues are: ${\displaystyle \lambda _{1}=17.5,\lambda _{2}=10}$

The next step is finding the Eigenvectors
${\displaystyle \lambda _{1}=17.5}$
${\displaystyle (\lambda _{1}M-K)X_{1}={\begin{pmatrix}22.5&20\\20&0\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}x_{11}\\x_{21}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\end{pmatrix}}}$

Letting ${\displaystyle x_{21}=1}$ and calculating ${\displaystyle x_{12}}$

 ${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}x_{11}\\x_{21}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}-0.889\\1\end{pmatrix}}}$


${\displaystyle \lambda _{1}=10}$
${\displaystyle (\lambda _{1}M-K)X_{1}={\begin{pmatrix}0&20\\20&-15\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}x_{12}\\x_{22}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\end{pmatrix}}}$

Letting ${\displaystyle x_{12}=1}$ and calculating ${\displaystyle x_{22}}$

 ${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}x_{12}\\x_{22}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}1\\1.333\end{pmatrix}}}$


${\displaystyle \mathbf {|X_{1}X_{2}|} ={\begin{bmatrix}x_{11}&x_{12}\\x_{21}&x_{22}\\\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}-0.889&1\\1&1.333\\\end{bmatrix}}}$


These results compare favorably with those from problem 5.6 using CALFEM.

Mass Orthogonality: ${\displaystyle x_{i}^{T}M_{xj}=0}$
The eigenvectors are therefore proven to be mass-orthogonal.

## Problem 2

On our honor, we did this assignment on our own, without looking at the solutions in previous semesters or other online solutions.


### Find

Do all work with your own matlab FE code, then verify the results with CALFEM; display both results clearly for easy comparison.

Solve the generalized eigenvalue problem of the above truss. Display the results for the lowest 3 eigenpairs. Plot and animate the lowest 3 mode shapes. Verify the mass orthogonality of these 3 eigenvectors.

Now consider the same truss, but with 2 missing braces:

Solve the generalized eigenvalue for this truss, and plot the mode shapes with zero frequency.

### Given

${\displaystyle L_{2}3=L_{4}5=1,L_{1}2=L_{2}4=L_{4}6=1,A=1/2,E=5,\rho =2}$

### Solution

The lumped mass matrix, ${\displaystyle {\bar {M}}}$ , is shown below:

>> M=[1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0; 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0; 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0; 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0; 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0; 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0; 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1];

K=zeros(10,10)

Because they are identical, we can use the CALFEM function “assem” for elements 2 and 6:

>> edof=[2 1 2 5 6; 6 3 4 9 10]; >> l=cos(45); m=sin(45); >> Ke=1.768*[l^2 l*m -l^2 -l*m; l*m m^2 -l*m -m^2; -l^2 -l*m l^2 l*m; -l*m -m^2 l*m m^2]

Ke =

   0.4879    0.7903   -0.4879   -0.7903
0.7903    1.2801   -0.7903   -1.2801
-0.4879   -0.7903    0.4879    0.7903
-0.7903   -1.2801    0.7903    1.2801


>> [K]=assem(edof,K,Ke); For elements 1,4,7, and 10: >> edof=[1 1 2 3 4; 4 5 6 9 10; 7 3 4 7 8; 10 7 8 11 12]; >> l=1; >> m=0; >> Ke=2.5*[l^2 l*m -l^2 -l*m; l*m m^2 -l*m -m^2; -l^2 -l*m l^2 l*m; -l*m -m^2 l*m m^2]

Ke =

   2.5000         0   -2.5000         0
0         0         0         0
-2.5000         0    2.5000         0
0         0         0         0


>> [K]=assem(edof,K,Ke);

For the elements 3 and 8:

>> edof=[3 3 4 5 6; 8 7 8 9 10]; l=0; m=1; Ke=2.5*[l^2 l*m -l^2 -l*m; l*m m^2 -l*m -m^2; -l^2 -l*m l^2 l*m; -l*m -m^2 l*m m^2]

Ke =

        0         0         0         0
0    2.5000         0   -2.5000
0         0         0         0
0   -2.5000         0    2.5000


>> [K]=assem(edof,K,Ke);

For elements 5 and 9:

>> edof=[5 5 6 7 8; 9 9 10 11 12]; >> l=cos(135); >> m=sin(135); >> Ke=1.768*[l^2 l*m -l^2 -l*m; l*m m^2 -l*m -m^2; -l^2 -l*m l^2 l*m; -l*m -m^2 l*m m^2]

Ke =

   1.7542   -0.1556   -1.7542    0.1556
-0.1556    0.0138    0.1556   -0.0138
-1.7542    0.1556    1.7542   -0.1556
0.1556   -0.0138   -0.1556    0.0138


>> [K]=assem(edof,K,Ke)

K =

 Columns 1 through 4

   2.9879    0.7903   -2.5000         0
0.7903    1.2801         0         0
-2.5000         0    5.4879    0.7903
0         0    0.7903    3.7801
-0.4879   -0.7903         0         0
-0.7903   -1.2801         0   -2.5000
0         0   -2.5000         0
0         0         0         0
0         0   -0.4879   -0.7903
0         0   -0.7903   -1.2801
0         0         0         0
0         0         0         0

 Columns 5 through 8

  -0.4879   -0.7903         0         0
-0.7903   -1.2801         0         0
0         0   -2.5000         0
0   -2.5000         0         0
4.7421    0.6347   -1.7542    0.1556
0.6347    3.7939    0.1556   -0.0138
-1.7542    0.1556    6.7542   -0.1556
0.1556   -0.0138   -0.1556    2.5138
-2.5000         0         0         0
0         0         0   -2.5000
0         0   -2.5000         0
0         0         0         0

 Columns 9 through 12

        0         0         0         0
0         0         0         0
-0.4879   -0.7903         0         0
-0.7903   -1.2801         0         0
-2.5000         0         0         0
0         0         0         0
0         0   -2.5000         0
0   -2.5000         0         0
4.7421    0.6347   -1.7542    0.1556
0.6347    3.7939    0.1556   -0.0138
-1.7542    0.1556    4.2542   -0.1556
0.1556   -0.0138   -0.1556    0.0138


In order to solve the generalized eigenvalue problem we used the function “eigen”, which returns the eigenvalues, ${\displaystyle \lambda }$, and the eigenvectors, ‘x’:

Kx=λMx >> [L,X]=eigen(K,M) L =

   0.0000
0.0000
0.0043
0.3370
1.4874
2.1472
3.9323
5.0164
6.2876
6.9486
7.2731
10.7101


X =

 Columns 1 through 4

  -0.4065   -0.0382    0.0125   -0.2771
0.0382   -0.4065   -0.2166    0.6103
-0.4065   -0.0382    0.0122   -0.1890
0.0382   -0.4065   -0.1923    0.0564
-0.4065   -0.0382   -0.0217    0.1776
0.0382   -0.4065   -0.1948    0.1689
-0.4065   -0.0382    0.0102   -0.0012
0.0382   -0.4065   -0.1524   -0.4836
-0.4065   -0.0382   -0.0412    0.1877
0.0382   -0.4065   -0.1539   -0.4109
-0.4065   -0.0382    0.0280    0.1020
0.0382   -0.4065    0.9099    0.0588

 Columns 5 through 8

  -0.5124   -0.3701   -0.1840    0.2470
0.2249   -0.5457    0.0289   -0.0011
-0.1249   -0.3416    0.1335   -0.2501
-0.3404    0.4774   -0.0870   -0.2533
0.2127    0.0780   -0.5547   -0.1457
-0.4841    0.0930    0.1690    0.2458
0.1231   -0.0039    0.3146   -0.2511
0.4246   -0.0295   -0.0415    0.5429
0.1230    0.3502   -0.3333    0.2405
0.1826    0.0003   -0.0315   -0.5382
0.1785    0.2873    0.6240    0.1593
-0.0076    0.0046   -0.0379    0.0040

 Columns 9 through 12

   0.3808   -0.2946   -0.0054    0.1736
0.2043   -0.0207    0.1439    0.0439
-0.2599    0.4888    0.2687   -0.4541
0.0756   -0.2008    0.5664   -0.1042
-0.2724   -0.3927   -0.2785   -0.3392
-0.3957    0.1521   -0.5052   -0.0067
-0.4206   -0.2130    0.1168    0.6482
-0.2138   -0.0829    0.2081   -0.0524
0.2109    0.5935    0.0403    0.3022
0.3342    0.1351   -0.4180    0.1104
0.3612   -0.1820   -0.1419   -0.3307
-0.0045    0.0171    0.0047    0.0091


For the first eigenpair, the eigenvalue and corresponding eigenvector are as follows:

L= 0 X= {-0.406457927237019 0.0381918846465145 -0.406457927237019 0.0381918846465150 -0.406457927237019 0.0381918846465148 -0.406457927237019 0.0381918846465148 -0.406457927237019 0.0381918846465148 -0.406457927237020 0.0381918846465028}

These eigenvectors were used to calculate the displacement of each node on the truss and plotted using the MATLAB code below: % truss original position % start nodes (x/y) / end nodes (x/y)

sn=[     0     0
0     0
1     0
1     0
1     0
1     1
1     1
2     0
2     0
2     1];
en=[     1     0
1     1
1     1
2     0
2     1
2     0
2     1
2     1
3     0
3     0];


% the engine

    x=[sn(:,1),en(:,1)].'; % <- note: transpose is important!
y=[sn(:,2),en(:,2)].';
hold on
plot(x,y,'b','linewidth',4);
axis([-0.5 3.5 -0.5 1.5])

% start nodes (x then y) and end nodes (x then y) in 10x2 matrices
sn=[     0 0 %1
0 0 %1
0.89354 0.0381918846465150 %2
0.89354 0.0381918846465150%2
0.89354 0.0381918846465150%2
0.89354 1.038192 %3
0.89354 1.038192 %3
1.89354 0.038192%4
1.89354 0.038192 %4
1.89354 1.038192]; %5
en=[     0.89354 0.0381918846465150 %2
0.89354 1.038192  %3
0.89354 1.038192  %3
1.89354 0.038192%4
1.89354 1.038192%5
1.89354 0.038192%4
1.89354 1.038192%5
1.89354 1.038192%5
2.89354 0 %6
2.89354 0]; %6


% the engine

    x1=[sn(:,1),en(:,1)].'; % <- note: transpose is important!
y1=[sn(:,2),en(:,2)].';
plot(x1,y1,'r','linewidth',3);
axis([-0.5 3.5 -0.5 1.5])
xlabel('x')
ylabel('y')
title('Mode Shape 1')


For the second eigenpair:

L=0 X={-0.0381918846465119 -0.406457927237036 -0.0381918846465119 -0.406457927237034 -0.0381918846465145 -0.406457927237035 -0.0381918846465120 -0.406457927237031 -0.0381918846465160 -0.406457927237031 -0.0381918846465106 -0.406457927236949}

For the third eigenpair:

L=0.0043 X={0.0124740073031415 -0.216589482612068 0.0122217899111943 -0.192300781266623 -0.0216971729033128 -0.194763453030673 0.0102232821955044 -0.152379327406532 -0.0411885014874805 -0.153869406652153 0.0279665949809443 0.909902450968240}

Analyzing the second truss, we get the lumped mass matrix, ${\displaystyle {\bar {M}}}$ , shown below: >> M=[1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0; 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0; 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0; 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0; 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0; 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0; 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1];

For element 2 we use the CALFEM function “assem”: >> edof=[2 1 2 5 6]; >> l=cos(45); >>m=sin(45); >> Ke=1.768*[l^2 l*m -l^2 -l*m; l*m m^2 -l*m -m^2; -l^2 -l*m l^2 l*m; -l*m -m^2 l*m m^2]

Ke =

   0.4879    0.7903   -0.4879   -0.7903
0.7903    1.2801   -0.7903   -1.2801
-0.4879   -0.7903    0.4879    0.7903
-0.7903   -1.2801    0.7903    1.2801


>> [K]=assem(edof,K,Ke);

For elements 1,4,7, and 6:

>> edof=[1 1 2 3 4; 4 5 6 9 10; 7 3 4 7 8; 6 7 8 11 12]; >> l=1; >> m=0; >> Ke=2.5*[l^2 l*m -l^2 -l*m; l*m m^2 -l*m -m^2; -l^2 -l*m l^2 l*m; -l*m -m^2 l*m m^2]

Ke =

   2.5000         0   -2.5000         0
0         0         0         0
-2.5000         0    2.5000         0
0         0         0         0


>> [K]=assem(edof,K,Ke);

For the elements 3 and 8:

>> edof=[3 3 4 5 6; 8 7 8 9 10]; l=0; m=1; Ke=2.5*[l^2 l*m -l^2 -l*m; l*m m^2 -l*m -m^2; -l^2 -l*m l^2 l*m; -l*m -m^2 l*m m^2]

Ke =

        0         0         0         0
0    2.5000         0   -2.5000
0         0         0         0
0   -2.5000         0    2.5000


>> [K]=assem(edof,K,Ke); For element 5:

>> edof=[5 5 6 7 8]; >> l=cos(135); >> m=sin(135); >> Ke=1.768*[l^2 l*m -l^2 -l*m; l*m m^2 -l*m -m^2; -l^2 -l*m l^2 l*m; -l*m -m^2 l*m m^2]

Ke =

   1.7542   -0.1556   -1.7542    0.1556
-0.1556    0.0138    0.1556   -0.0138
-1.7542    0.1556    1.7542   -0.1556
0.1556   -0.0138   -0.1556    0.0138


>> [K]=assem(edof,K,Ke)

>> K

K =

 Columns 1 through 4

   2.9879    0.7903   -2.5000         0
0.7903    1.2801         0         0
-2.5000         0    5.0000         0
0         0         0    2.5000
-0.4879   -0.7903         0         0
-0.7903   -1.2801         0   -2.5000
0         0   -2.5000         0
0         0         0         0
0         0         0         0
0         0         0         0
0         0         0         0
0         0         0         0

 Columns 5 through 8

  -0.4879   -0.7903         0         0
-0.7903   -1.2801         0         0
0         0   -2.5000         0
0   -2.5000         0         0
2.9879    0.7903         0         0
0.7903    3.7801         0         0
0         0    5.0000         0
0         0         0    2.5000
-2.5000         0         0         0
0         0         0   -2.5000
0         0   -2.5000         0
0         0         0         0

 Columns 9 through 12

        0         0         0         0
0         0         0         0
0         0         0         0
0         0         0         0
-2.5000         0         0         0
0         0         0         0
0         0   -2.5000         0
0   -2.5000         0         0
2.5000         0         0         0
0    2.5000         0         0
0         0    2.5000         0
0         0         0         0


In order to solve the generalized eigenvalue problem we used the function “eigen”, which returns the eigenvalues, ${\displaystyle \lambda }$, and the eigenvectors, ‘x’:

Kx=λMx >> [L,X]=eigen(K,M)

L =

        0
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
1.1650
2.1580
5.0000
5.0000
5.0000
6.5940
8.6191


X =

 Columns 1 through 4

        0   -0.0507    0.0194    0.4831
0   -0.3353    0.1932   -0.2386
0   -0.0507    0.0194    0.4831
0   -0.4522    0.3724    0.0226
0    0.1385   -0.2708    0.0601
0   -0.4522    0.3724    0.0226
0   -0.0507    0.0194    0.4831
0    0.4637    0.5182    0.0235
0    0.1385   -0.2708    0.0601
0    0.4637    0.5182    0.0235
0   -0.0507    0.0194    0.4831
1.0000         0         0         0

 Columns 5 through 8

   0.0167   -0.4448    0.4308   -0.0000
0.4831    0.4811    0.5118    0.0000
0.0167   -0.0991    0.3317   -0.0000
0.1279   -0.3136   -0.4503    0.3241
0.5920   -0.1034   -0.0380    0.5250
0.1279   -0.1675   -0.0616   -0.3241
0.0167    0.2928   -0.0537   -0.0000
0.1262   -0.0000    0.0000    0.3454
0.5920   -0.1936   -0.2780   -0.5250
0.1262    0.0000    0.0000   -0.3454
0.0167    0.5482   -0.3928   -0.0000
0         0         0         0

 Columns 9 through 12

  -0.0612    0.4647    0.2458   -0.3159
-0.0000    0.0000    0.2514   -0.0574
0.0612   -0.4647    0.0067    0.6510
0.2072   -0.1840    0.3943   -0.0396
0.2745    0.1666   -0.3986    0.0599
-0.2072    0.1840   -0.6456    0.0970
0.0612   -0.4647   -0.2501   -0.6265
-0.6117   -0.0806    0.0000   -0.0000
-0.2745   -0.1666    0.2434   -0.0245
0.6117    0.0806   -0.0000    0.0000
-0.0612    0.4647    0.1528    0.2560
0         0         0         0


For the first eigenpair, the eigenvalue and corresponding eigenvector are as follows:

L= 0 X= {0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1}

The truss was plotted in MATLAB using the following code:

% truss original position % start nodes (x/y) / end nodes (x/y)

sn=[     0     0
0     0
1     0
1     0
1     1
2     0
2     0
2     1];
en=[     1     0
1     1
1     1
2     0
2     1
2     1
3     0
3     0];


% the engine

    x=[sn(:,1),en(:,1)].'; % <- note: transpose is important!
y=[sn(:,2),en(:,2)].';
hold on
plot(x,y,'b','linewidth',4);
axis([-0.5 3.5 -0.5 1.5])

% start nodes (x then y) and end nodes (x then y) in 10x2 matrices
sn=[     0 0 %1
0 0 %1
1 0 %2
1 0%2
1 1%6-3
2 0%4
2 0%4
2 1]; %5
en=[     1 0 %2
1 1 %3
1 1 %3
2 0%4
2 1%5
2 1%5
3 0%6
3 0];%6


% the engine

    x1=[sn(:,1),en(:,1)].'; % <- note: transpose is important!
y1=[sn(:,2),en(:,2)].';
plot(x1,y1,'r','linewidth',3);
axis([-0.5 3.5 -0.5 1.5])
xlabel('x')
ylabel('y')
title('Mode Shape 1')


## Problem 3

On our honor, we did this assignment on our own, without looking at the solutions in previous semesters or other online solutions.


### Find

Find, plot and compare the eigenvectors.
Compare the mode shapes using two different assumptions.
Animate each format in the given sine wave.

### Given

 ${\displaystyle \mathbf {|X_{1}X_{2}|} ={\begin{bmatrix}x_{11}&x_{12}\\x_{21}&x_{22}\\\end{bmatrix}}}$ (2.1)

Solve for the eigenvectors under two differing assumptions:

 ${\displaystyle x_{11}=x_{12}=1}$ ${\displaystyle x_{21}=x_{22}=1}$ (2.2)

Plot mode shapes according to ${\displaystyle y=\mathbf {X_{i}} sin(w_{i}t)}$

where ${\displaystyle w_{i}t}$ is the circular frequency, ${\displaystyle w_{i}t={\sqrt {\gamma _{i}}}}$,

according to the eigenvalues ${\displaystyle \gamma _{1}=4+{\sqrt {5}}}$ and ${\displaystyle \gamma _{2}=4-{\sqrt {5}}}$.

### Solution

Firstly, the eigenvectors must be found.
The ${\displaystyle x_{21}=x_{22}=1}$ assumption is in effect.
This value was found with ${\displaystyle \gamma _{1}=4+{\sqrt {5}}}$

 ${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}k-\gamma _{1}I\\\end{bmatrix}}\mathbf {X} ={\begin{bmatrix}0\\\end{bmatrix}}}$ (2.3)
 ${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}-1+{\sqrt {5}}&-2\\-2&1+{\sqrt {5}}\\\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}x_{1}\\1\\\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}0\\0\\\end{bmatrix}}}$ (2.4)
 ${\displaystyle -2x_{1}+1+{\sqrt {5}}=0}$ ${\displaystyle x_{1}=(1+{\sqrt {5}})/2}$ (2.5)

and this value was found with ${\displaystyle \gamma _{2}=4-{\sqrt {5}}}$

 ${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}k-\gamma _{2}I\\\end{bmatrix}}\mathbf {X} ={\begin{bmatrix}0\\\end{bmatrix}}}$ (2.6)
 ${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}-1-{\sqrt {5}}&-2\\-2&1-{\sqrt {5}}\\\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}x_{1}\\1\\\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}0\\0\\\end{bmatrix}}}$ (2.7)
 ${\displaystyle -2x_{1}+1-{\sqrt {5}}=0}$ ${\displaystyle x_{1}=(1-{\sqrt {5}})/2}$ (2.8)

With these values solved for, construct the eigenvector:

 ${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}{\mathbf {X_{1}} }&{\mathbf {X_{2}} }\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}(1+{\sqrt {5}})/2&(1-{\sqrt {5}})/2\\1&1\\\end{bmatrix}}}$ (2.9)

Now assuming ${\displaystyle x_{11}=x_{12}=1}$ the eigenvectors are found using the same eigenvalues ${\displaystyle \gamma _{1,2}=4\pm {\sqrt {5}}}$

 ${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}k-\gamma _{1}I\\\end{bmatrix}}\mathbf {X} ={\begin{bmatrix}0\\\end{bmatrix}}}$ (2.10)
 ${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}-1+{\sqrt {5}}&-2\\-2&1+{\sqrt {5}}\\\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}1\\x_{2}\\\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}0\\0\\\end{bmatrix}}}$ (2.11)
 ${\displaystyle -1+{\sqrt {5}}-2x_{2}=0}$ ${\displaystyle x_{2}=(-1+{\sqrt {5}})/2}$ (2.12)

and this value was found with ${\displaystyle \gamma _{2}=4-{\sqrt {5}}}$

 ${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}k-\gamma _{2}I\\\end{bmatrix}}\mathbf {X} ={\begin{bmatrix}0\\\end{bmatrix}}}$ (2.13)
 ${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}-1-{\sqrt {5}}&-2\\-2&1-{\sqrt {5}}\\\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}1\\x_{2}\\\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}0\\0\\\end{bmatrix}}}$ (2.14)
 ${\displaystyle -1-{\sqrt {5}}-2x_{2}=0}$ ${\displaystyle x_{2}=(-1-{\sqrt {5}})/2}$ (2.15)

With these values solved for, construct the eigenvector:

 ${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}{\mathbf {X_{1}} }&{\mathbf {X_{2}} }\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}1&1\\(-1+{\sqrt {5}})/2&(-1-{\sqrt {5}})/2\\\end{bmatrix}}}$ (2.16)

For both assumptions, the mode shape are plotted, not according to scale.

[Row 2 = 1 Assumption] - Mode 1

[Row 2 = 1 Assumption] - Mode 2

[Row 1 = 1 Assumption] - Mode 1

[Row 1 = 1 Assumption] - Mode 2

Comparing the assumptions:
The constant 1 switches to the other point, upon switching the Row = 1 assumption.
Going from mode 1 to mode 2 within an assumption leaves the solved variable with a -2.236 reduction in magnitude.
Going from one assumption to another, within the same mode, reduces the magnitude of the solved variable by 1.

Modes animated according to ${\displaystyle y=\mathbf {X_{i}} sin(w_{i}t)}$ where ${\displaystyle w_{i}t}$ is the circular frequency, ${\displaystyle w_{i}t={\sqrt {\gamma _{i}}}}$, according to the eigenvalues ${\displaystyle \gamma _{1}=4+{\sqrt {5}}}$ and ${\displaystyle \gamma _{2}=4-{\sqrt {5}}}$:

M1 =[

1.618 -.618;
1       1;
];
%quiver(0,M1(1,1));
%hold on;
%quiver(0,M1(2,1));

M2 =[

1      1;
0.618  -1.618;
];
%quiver(0,0,M2(1,1),M2(2,1));
%hold on;
%quiver(0,0,M2(1,2),M2(2,2));

%% Sine wave:
X=[1 1;
(-1+sqrt(5))/2 (-1-sqrt(5))/2];
la=[4+sqrt(5);4+sqrt(5)];
ex=[0 3];
y=[0;0];

for kk=1:2
eigenvalx=la(kk);
eigenvecx=X(:,kk);
w=sqrt(eigenvalx);
T=2*pi/w;
dt=T/100;
t=0:dt:T;
figure(kk)

if kk==1;
filename = 'mode1_3.gif';
elseif kk==2;
filename = 'mode2_3.gif';
end

for jj = 1:100
tt=t(jj);
d=eigenvecx*sin(w*tt);
d=d';
xd=(ex+d)';
s1=['o' , 'k'];
axis manual
plot(xd,y,s1)
set(gca, 'ylim', [-1.5 1.5], 'xlim', [-3 5]);
drawnow
frame = getframe(1);
im = frame2im(frame);
[imind,cm] = rgb2ind(im,256);
if jj == 1;
imwrite(imind,cm,filename,'gif', 'Loopcount',inf);
else
imwrite(imind,cm,filename,'gif','WriteMode','append');
end
end
end

Mode 1 Animation

Mode 2 Animation

## Problem 4

On our honor, we did this assignment on our own, without looking at the solutions in previous semesters or other online solutions.


### Find

The Lowest 3 eigenpairs ${\displaystyle (\omega _{j},\phi _{j})forj=1,2,3}$ and plot the 3 lowest mode shapes in a gif image.

### Given

Figure 6.1: 25 member truss with L=0.3 m

${\displaystyle E=100GPa,A=1.0cm^{2},L=0.3m,\rho =5000{\frac {kg}{m^{3}}}}$

### Solution


%GIVENS
L=0.3;
E=100e9;
A=1e-4;
rho=5000;
ep=[E A];

%ELEMENT DOF
Edof=zeros(25,5);
for i=1:6
j=2*(i-1);
Edof(i,:)=[i,1+j,2+j,3+j,4+j];
end
for i=7:12
j=2*(i+1);
Edof(i,:)=[i,j-1,j,j+1,j+2];
end
for i=13:19
j=2*(i-13);
Edof(i,:)=[i,1+j,2+j,15+j,16+j];
end
for i=20:25
j=2*(i-20);
Edof(i,:)=[i,1+j,2+j,17+j,18+j];
end

%COORDINATES
ex=zeros(14,2);
ey=zeros(14,2);
for i=1:25
if i<7
ex(i,:)=[L*(i-1),L*i];
ey(i,:)=[0,0];
elseif i>6&&i<13
ex(i,:)=[L*(i-7),L*(i-6)];
ey(i,:)=[L,L];
elseif i>12&&i<20
ex(i,:)=[L*(i-13),L*(i-13)];
ey(i,:)=[0,L];
else
ex(i,:)=[L*(i-20),L*(i-19)];
ey(i,:)=[0,L];
end
end

%STIFFNESS AND MASS MATRIX
K=zeros(28);
M=zeros(28);
for i=1:25
E=ep(1);A=ep(2);
xt=ex(i,2)-ex(i,1);
yt=ey(i,2)-ey(i,1);
L=sqrt(xt^2+yt^2);
l=xt/L; m=yt/L;
ke=E*A/L*[l^2 l*m -l^2 -l*m;
l*m m^2 -l*m -m^2;
-l^2 -l*m l^2 l*m;
-l*m -m^2 l*m m^2;];
m=L*A*rho;
me=[m/2 0 0 0;
0 m/2 0 0;
0 0 m/2 0;
0 0 0 m/2];
edoft=Edof(i,2:5);
K(edoft,edoft)=K(edoft,edoft)+ke;
M(edoft,edoft)=M(edoft,edoft)+me;
end

%FIND THE EIGEN VALUES AND VECTORS
nd=size(K,1);
fdof=[1:nd]';
b=[1 15 16]';
fdof(b(:))=[];
[X,D]=eig(K(fdof,fdof),M(fdof,fdof));
nfdof=size(X,1);
eigenval=diag(D);
eigenvec=zeros(nd,nfdof);
eigenvec(fdof,:)=X;

%PLOT THE GIF
for kk=1:3
eigenvalx=eigenval(kk);
eigenvecx=eigenvec(:,kk);
w=sqrt(eigenvalx);
T=2*pi/w;
dt=T/100;
t=0:dt:T;
figure(kk)

if kk==1;
filename = 'mode1.gif'
elseif kk==2;
filename = 'mode2.gif'
elseif kk==3;
filename = 'mode3.gif'
end

for jj = 1:100
tt=t(jj);
d=eigenvecx*sin(w*tt);
d=d';
rr=Edof(:,2:5);
ed=zeros(25,4);
for i=1:25;
ed(i,1:4)=d(rr(i,:));
end
xd=(ex+ed(:,[1 3]))';
yd=(ey+ed(:,[2 4]))';
s1=['-' , 'k'];
axis manual
plot(xd,yd,s1)
set(gca, 'ylim', [-1.5 1.5], 'xlim', [0 3]);
drawnow
frame = getframe(1);
im = frame2im(frame);
[imind,cm] = rgb2ind(im,256);
if jj == 1;
imwrite(imind,cm,filename,'gif', 'Loopcount',inf);
else
imwrite(imind,cm,filename,'gif','WriteMode','append');
end
end
end


The resulting egienpairs are:

{\displaystyle \displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\omega _{1}=1.6890\times 10^{5}\phi _{1}={\begin{bmatrix}0\\-0.0082\\-0.0279\\-0.0757\\-0.0479\\-0.1982\\-0.0605\\-0.3581\\-0.0670\\-0.5384\\-0.0690\\-0.7244\\-0.0690\\-0.9052\\0\\0\\0.0364\\-0.0677\\0.0645\\-0.1906\\0.0847\\-0.3514\\0.0974\\-0.5332\\0.1038\\-0.7213\\0.1058\\-0.9045\end{bmatrix}}\\&\omega _{2}=2.6676\times 10^{6}\phi _{2}={\begin{bmatrix}0\\-0.0745\\0.0227\\-0.4176\\0.0973\\-0.6512\\0.1884\\-0.6252\\0.2603\\-0.3137\\0.2941\\0.1825\\0.2976\\0.6937\\0\\0\\0.0732\\-0.3541\\0.0714\\-0.6149\\0.0153\\-0.6228\\-0.0603\\-0.3368\\-0.1201\\0.1553\\-0.1455\\0.6853\end{bmatrix}}\\&\omega _{3}=7.0219\times 10^{6}\phi _{3}={\begin{bmatrix}0\\-0.0352\\-0.2178\\-0.0416\\-0.3907\\-0.1023\\-0.5191\\-0.1283\\-0.6115\\-0.0751\\-0.6722\\0.0253\\-0.6941\\0.0971\\0\\0\\-0.1204\\-0.0089\\-0.2656\\-0.0780\\-0.4221\\-0.1195\\-0.5663\\-0.0809\\-0.6710\\0.0154\\-0.7178\\0.0940\end{bmatrix}}\\\end{aligned}}}

The mode shapes for the previous eigenpairs are"

Figure 4.2: First eigen shape
Figure 4.3: Second eigen shape
Figure 4.4: Third eigen shape

## Problem 5

On our honor, we did this assignment on our own, without looking at the solutions in previous semesters or other online solutions.


### Find

Do the HW problem on p.21-1 (2-bar truss, unconstrained, no supports, use 6x6 stiffness matrix ) and the HW problem on p.21-3 (4-bar truss, with supports, use reduced stiffness matrix ). For problem on p. 21-1, plot the eigenvectors corresponding to zero evals of 2 bar truss system and interpret results. For problem on p. 21-3, plot eigenvectors corresponding to zero evals for case (a).

### Given

The HW problems on p.21-1 and p.21-3.

### Solution

For problem 21-1:

K x u = 0 x u = 0

Σα x u = W

K x W = K x (Σα x u) = Σα x (K x u) = Σα x 0 = 0

For problem 21-3: K x v = λ x v

where a = b = 1m, E=2, and A=3

## Problem 6

On our honor, we did this assignment on our own, without looking at the solutions in previous semesters or other online solutions.


### Find

Using the method of Modal Superposition, find the governing equations of motion for the system shown above.

### Given

${\displaystyle m_{1}=3,m_{2}=2}$
${\displaystyle c_{1}=1/2,c_{2}=1/4,c_{3}=1/3}$
${\displaystyle k_{1}=10,k_{2}=20,k_{3}=15}$
${\displaystyle F_{1}(t)=0,F_{2}(t)=0}$
${\displaystyle d_{1}(0)=-1,d_{2}(0)=2}$
${\displaystyle d_{1}'(0)=0,d_{2}'(0)=0}$

### Solution

First, with the information given we can substitute them into the equation with the form:

 ${\displaystyle \mathbf {M} {\ddot {d}}+\mathbf {C} {\dot {d}}+\mathbf {K} d=\mathbf {F} (t)}$

Where M, C, and K are the mass, damper and stiffness matrices.

 ${\displaystyle \mathbf {M} ={\begin{bmatrix}m_{1}&0\\0&m_{2}\end{bmatrix}}}$
 ${\displaystyle \mathbf {C} ={\begin{bmatrix}(c_{1}+c_{2})&-c_{2}\\-c_{2}&(c_{2}+c_{3})\end{bmatrix}}}$
 ${\displaystyle \mathbf {K} ={\begin{bmatrix}(k_{1}+k_{2})&-k_{2}\\-k_{2}&(k_{2}+k_{3})\end{bmatrix}}}$

Substituting the known values, we now have the equation as matrix form as:

 ${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}3&0\\0&2\end{bmatrix}}{\ddot {d}}+{\begin{bmatrix}3/4&-1/4\\-1/4&7/12\end{bmatrix}}{\dot {d}}+{\begin{bmatrix}30&-20\\-20&35\end{bmatrix}}d=\mathbf {F} (t)}$ Eq. 1

We can now guess a solution that will solve Equation 1. In this case the following will be used:

 ${\displaystyle d(t)={\vec {u}}e^{j\omega t}}$
 ${\displaystyle {\dot {d(t)}}=j\omega {\vec {u}}e^{j\omega t}}$
 ${\displaystyle {\ddot {d(t)}}=-j^{2}\omega ^{2}{\vec {u}}e^{j\omega t}}$

Where ${\displaystyle {\vec {u}}}$ represents the eigen vectors and ${\displaystyle j={\sqrt {(}}-1)}$ and ${\displaystyle {\vec {u}}\neq 0}$

The equation can now be written as:

 ${\displaystyle \mathbf {M} (-j^{2}\omega ^{2}{\vec {u}}e^{j\omega t})+\mathbf {C} j\omega {\vec {u}}e^{j\omega t}+\mathbf {K} {\vec {u}}e^{j\omega t}=\mathbf {F} (t)}$ Eq. 2

The following matrix can be used in order to represent the modes of vibration of the system by its eigenvalues and eigenvectors:

 ${\displaystyle {\big [}M{\big ]}^{-1}{\big [}K{\big ]}={\begin{bmatrix}3&0\\0&2\end{bmatrix}}^{-1}{\begin{bmatrix}30&-20\\-20&35\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}10&-6.667\\-10&17.5\end{bmatrix}}}$

Where the inverse matrix of M is determined by:

 ${\displaystyle {\big [}M{\big ]}^{-1}={\frac {adj(M)}{det(M)}}}$

To find the solutions to the system we use the guesses that we made (after plugging them back into the matrix equation, Equation 2) and obtain the following worked out equation:

 ${\displaystyle {\big (}\omega ^{2}-{\big [}M{\big ]}^{-1}{\big [}K{\big ]}{\big )}d_{0}}$

When substituting we obtain:

 ${\displaystyle (\omega ^{2}-{\begin{bmatrix}10&-6.667\\-10&17.5\end{bmatrix}})d_{0}}$ Eq. 3

And ${\displaystyle d_{0}}$ are the eigen vectors or mode shapes.

To find ${\displaystyle \omega }$ we require the determinant for Equation 3:

 ${\displaystyle \det(-\omega ^{2}-{\begin{bmatrix}10&-6.667\\-10&17.5\end{bmatrix}})=\det {\begin{bmatrix}\omega ^{2}-10&6.667\\10&\omega ^{2}-17.5\end{bmatrix}}}$ Eq. 4

Taking the determinant, we now have the equation:

 ${\displaystyle \omega ^{4}-27.5\omega ^{2}+175}$ Eq. 5

By using the quadratic formula we can find the respective ${\displaystyle \omega }$ values.

 ${\displaystyle \omega ^{2}={\frac {-b\pm {\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac}}}{2a}}}$ Eq. 6

And now,${\displaystyle \omega _{1}^{2}=17.5}$ and ${\displaystyle \omega _{2}^{2}=10}$
Using these values we can now calculate the mode shapes by first substituting them into the matrix in Equation 4 for each ${\displaystyle \omega }$ value.
For ${\displaystyle \omega _{1}^{2}=17.5}$ we substitute and obtain:

 ${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}296.25&6.667\\10&288.75\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{Bmatrix}d_{1}\\d_{2}\end{Bmatrix}}={\begin{Bmatrix}0\\0\end{Bmatrix}}}$ Eq. 7

solving for ${\displaystyle d_{1}}$:

 ${\displaystyle 296.25d_{1}+6.667d_{2}=0}$

and

 ${\displaystyle 10d_{1}+288.75d_{2}=0}$

Form these equations we obtain:

 ${\displaystyle d_{1}={\begin{Bmatrix}-.0225\\-28.875\end{Bmatrix}}}$

Now we substitute ${\displaystyle \omega _{2}^{2}=10}$ into the matrix in equation 4 and repeat the above steps to obtain ${\displaystyle d_{2}}$ we have:

 ${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}90&6.667\\10&82.5\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{Bmatrix}d_{1}\\d_{2}\end{Bmatrix}}={\begin{Bmatrix}0\\0\end{Bmatrix}}}$

Corresponding equations are now:

 ${\displaystyle 90d_{1}+6.667d_{2}=0}$

and

 ${\displaystyle 10d_{1}+82.5d_{2}=0}$

The modal vector is now :

 ${\displaystyle d_{2}={\begin{Bmatrix}-13.5\\-.1212\end{Bmatrix}}}$

The modal matrix can now be written as:

 ${\displaystyle \phi ={\begin{bmatrix}-.0225&-13.5\\-28.875&-.1212\end{bmatrix}}}$

Now the method of modal superposition can be implemented by the following equation:

 ${\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}d_{1}\\d_{2}\end{Bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}-.0225&-13.5\\-28.875&-.1212\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{Bmatrix}z_{1}\\z_{2}\end{Bmatrix}}}$

Where ${\displaystyle z_{1}}$ and ${\displaystyle z_{2}}$ are the modal coordinates.
For mass matrix:

 ${\displaystyle {\big [}\phi {\big ]}^{T}{\big [}M{\big ]}{\big [}\phi {\big ]}={\begin{bmatrix}-.0225&-28.875\\-13.5&-.1212\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}3&0\\0&2\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}-.0225&-13.5\\-28.875&-.1212\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}1667.5&7.9\\7.9&546.8\end{bmatrix}}}$

For damping matrix:

 ${\displaystyle {\big [}\phi {\big ]}^{T}{\big [}C{\big ]}{\big [}\phi {\big ]}={\begin{bmatrix}-.0225&-28.875\\-13.5&-.1212\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}3/4&-1/4\\-1/4&7/12\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}-.0225&-13.5\\-28.875&-.1212\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}486.0388&-95.18\\-95.18&135.878\end{bmatrix}}}$

For Stiffness matrix:

 ${\displaystyle {\big [}\phi {\big ]}^{T}{\big [}K{\big ]}{\big [}\phi {\big ]}={\begin{bmatrix}-.0225&-28.875\\-13.5&-.1212\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}30&-20\\-20&35\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}-.0225&-13.5\\-28.875&-.1212\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}29156&-7665\\-7665&5403\end{bmatrix}}}$

With the results the equation of motion for the system can be represented by modal coordinates in two 1-degree of freedom equations, with modal superposition we obtain:

 ${\displaystyle 1667.5{\ddot {z_{1}}}+486.0388{\dot {z_{1}}}+29156z_{1}=0}$ Eq. 8

and

 ${\displaystyle 546.8{\ddot {z_{2}}}+135.878{\dot {z_{2}}}+5403z_{2}=0}$ Eq. 8
*Reference: http://mecsys.mecc.polimi.it/Courses/msd_lc/ta/Lesson3.pdf
The above link was used as a guide to help me work through this problem. The steps are similar, however, some of the steps were
explained in more detail than the reference. Derivations and variables were explained as well.


## Problem 7

On our honor, we did this assignment on our own, without looking at the solutions in previous semesters or other online solutions.


## Contributing Team Members

Problem Assignments
Problem # Solved & Typed by Reviewed by
1 Zeyn Kermani All
2 Spencer Herran All
3 Joshua Plicque All
4 Matthew Gidel All
5 Kristin Howe All
6 Kevin Li All
7 Brandon Wright All

On our honor, we did this assignment on our own, without looking at the solutions in previous semesters or other online solutions.