Chaudhuri et al [Main Ref 1] stressed the importance of identifying, measuring and treating non-motor PD symptoms and proposed the following classification of non-motor symptoms.
Cardiovascular
See the review of Cardiovascular dysautonomia in Parkinson's by Jain and Goldstein[Main Ref 2]
Drop in blood pressure during changes in body position.
A recent review of Cardiovascular dysautonomia in Parkinson's by Jain and Goldstein (2012)
is particularly relevant.[1]
The following references are also relevant:-
Hussain et al (2001) Treatment of erectile dysfunction with sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in parkinsonism due to Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy with observations on orthostatic hypotension [2]
Park and Stacy(2011) Dopamine-Induced Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease [3]
Sommer et al (2011) Nondipping in Parkinson's Disease [4]
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Orthostatic_hypotension.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
↑Jain, Samay, and David S. Goldstein. Cardiovascular Dysautonomia in Parkinson Disease: From Pathophysiology to Pathogenesis. Neurobiology of Disease 46, no. 3 (June 2012): 572–580. Full Text PubMed Central http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3299874/
↑ Husain, I.; Brady, C.; Swinn, M.; Mathias, C. and Fowler, C. (2001)Full TextJ. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 71 (3) 371 – 374 Treatment of erectile dysfunction with sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in parkinsonism due to Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy with observations on orthostatic hypotension http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1737541/
↑ Wilcox, C.S. and Aminoff, M.J.(1976)Full Text Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol 3 (2) 207 – 214 Blood pressure responses to noradrenaline and dopamine infusions in Parkinson's disease and the Shy-Drager syndrome. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1428863/
↑ Riley, D. and Chelimsky, T. (2003)Full TextJ. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 74 (1) 56 – 60.Autonomic nervous system testing may not distinguish multiple system atrophy from Parkinson's disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1738185/
↑ Shimizu, Saki and Ohno, Yukihiro (2013)Full Text Aging Dis. 4 (1) 1 – 13 Improving the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease: A Novel Approach by Modulating 5-HT1A Receptors http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3570136/
↑ Schutte-Rodin, Sharon; Broch, Lauren; Buysse, Daniel; Dorsey, Cynthia and Sateia, Michael (2008)Full Text J. Clin. Sleep Med. 4 (5) 487 – 504. Clinical Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2576317/
There is an alternative spelling " Apnea". This is most frequently observed sleep disorder. During apnoea there is no movement of air in or out of the lungs. There is a considerable body of literature on this Symptom. Here are a few references and a general search tool:
Chotinaiwattarakui et al (2010) Risk of sleep-disordered breathing in Parkinson's disease [1]
Univ. of California clinical Trials. (2012). Study into the cognitive benefits of treating sleep apnea in Parkinson’s disease [2]
Lelieveld et al (2012) The Role of Serotonin in Sleep Disordered Breathing Associated with Parkinson Disease: A Correlative DASB PET Imaging Study [3]
Further Research
Search the scientific literature - Apnoea
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Apnoea.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
↑ Chotinawattarakui, Wattanachai; Davalu, Ptaveen; Chervin, Ronald D, and Albin, Roger L. (2010) Sleep Breath 15 (3) 471 – 478 Risk of sleep-disordered breathing in Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2978748/
↑ Lelieveld, Irene M.; Müller, Martijn L.T.M.; Bohnen, Nicolaas I.Koeppe, Robert A.; Chervin. Robert D; Frey, Kirk A.; and Alnin, Roger L.(2012) PloS On The Role of Serotonin in Sleep Disordered Breathing Associated with Parkinson Disease: A Correlative DASB PET Imaging Study
e 7 (7) e-40166 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3390329/
↑ Jang, Haeman; Boltz, David; Sturm-Ramirez, Katharinr; Shepherd, Kennie R.; Jiao, Yun; Webster, Robert and Smeyne, Richard J. (2009)Full Text Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 106 (33) 14063 – 14068. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus can enter the central nervous system and induce neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2729020/
↑ Nakmgoe, Kyotaka; Watanabe, Masahiki; Takeda, ohoru; Mizutani,Taro; and Tamaoka, Ahira (2009)Full Text BMJ Case Rep. bcr04.2009.1766. > Parkinsonism with organophosphate poisoning http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3029951/
↑ Schutte-Rodin, Sharon; Broch, Lauren; Buysse, Daniel; Dorsey, Cynthia and Sateia, Michael (2008)Full Text J. Clin. Sleep Med. 4 (5) 487 – 504. Clinical Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2576317/
↑ Schutte-Rodin, Sharon; Broch, Lauren; Buysse, Daniel; Dorsey, Cynthia and Sateia, Michael (2008)Full Text J. Clin. Sleep Med. 4 (5) 487 – 504. Clinical Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2576317/
↑ Schutte-Rodin, Sharon; Broch, Lauren; Buysse, Daniel; Dorsey, Cynthia and Sateia, Michael (2008)Full Text J. Clin. Sleep Med. 4 (5) 487 – 504. Clinical Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2576317/
This symptom can come about through trauma or as a result of Deep Brain Stimulation. It can also arise from non-Parkinsonian causes such as degeneration of or surgery upon the frontal lobes.
Common features of aboulia are:-
• Difficulty in initiating and sustaining purposeful movements
• Lack of spontaneous movement
• Reduced spontaneous movement
• Increased response-time to queries
• Passivity
• Reduced emotional responsiveness and spontaneity
• Reduced social interactions
• Reduced interest in usual pastimes
This has been described by:-
Doder et al (1999) Parkinson's syndrome after closed head injury: a single case report [1]
Redgrave et al (2010)Goal-directed and habitual control in the basal ganglia: implications for Parkinson’s disease [2]
Drubach et al (2011)Free Will, Freedom of Choice and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration [3]
Further Research
Search the scientific literature (Aboulia)
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Aboulia.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
↑ Doder, Daniel A,; Jahanshahi, M.; Turjanski, N.; Moseley, I and Lees, A. (1999)Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 66 (3) 380–385. Parkinson's syndrome after closed head injury: a single case report http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1736270/
↑ Redgrave, Peer; Rodruiguez, Manuel, Smith, Yolande; Rodruiguez-Oroz, Maria C.; Lehericy, Stephane; Bergman, Hagai; Agid, Yves; DeLong, Mahlon R. and Obeso, Jose A. (2010)Full Text Nat. Rev. Neurosci 11 (11) 760-772. Goal-directed and habitual control in the basal ganglia: implications for Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3124757/
↑ Drubach, Daniel A.: Rabibstein, Alejandro, A. and Molano, Jennifer (2011)Full Text Mens. Sana. Monogr. 9 (1) 238–250. Free Will, Freedom of Choice and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3115293/
Out-of character uncontrollable urges, for instance gambling.
The following references are relevant:-
Djamshidian et al (2010) Risk and learning in impulsive and non-impulsive patients with Parkinson’s disease[1]
Djamshidian et al (2011)Novelty seeking behaviour in Parkinson’s disease [2]
Bostwick et al (2012)Frequency of New-Onset Pathologic Compulsive Gambling or Hypersexuality After Drug Treatment of Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [3]
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Compulsive behaviour.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
↑ Djamshidian, Atbin; Jha Ashwani; O’SWullivan, Sean S.; Silveira-Moriyama, Laura; Jacobson, Clare; Brown, Peter; Lees, Andrew and Averbeck, Bruno B. (2010)Full Text Mov. Disord. 25 (13) 2203 – 2210 Risk and learning in impulsive and non-impulsive patients with Parkinson’s disease.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093055/
↑Djamshidian, Atbib; O’Sullivan, Sean. S.; Wittman, Bianca C.; Lees, Andrew J. and Averbeck, Bruno B. (2011)Full TextNeuropsychologia. 49 (9) 2483 –2 488. Novelty seeking behaviour in Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3137690/
↑ Bostwick, J. Michael ; Hecksel, Kathleen A.; Stevens, Susanna R.; Bower, James H. and Ahlskog, J. Eric . (2012)Full Text Mayo Clin. Proc. 84 (4) 310 – 316. Frequency of New-Onset Pathologic Compulsive Gambling or Hypersexuality After Drug Treatment of Idiopathic Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3137690/
↑Daniele, A.; Bartolomeo, P.; Cassetta, E.; Bentivoglio, A. R.; Gainotti, G.; Albanese, A. and Bartolomeo, P. (1997)Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 62 (3) 288 – 289. Obsessive-compulsive behaviour and cognitive impairment in a parkinsonian patient after left putaminal lesion. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1064163/?page=1
↑Dale, R. C.; Webster, R. and Gill, D. (2007)AbstactMov. Disord. 22 (15) 2281 - 2284. Contemporary encephalitis lethargica presenting with agitated catatonia, stereotypy, and dystonia-parkinsonism. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17914719
Zahodne and Fernandez (2010) Parkinson’s Psychosis [1]
Haq et al (2010) A Case of Mania following Deep Brain Stimulation for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder[2]
Copra et al (2012) Underlying Neurobiology and Clinical Correlates of Mania Status-Post Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: A Review of the Literature [3]
↑ Haq, Ihtsham U.; Foote, Kelly D.; Goodman, Wayne K.; Ricciuti, Nicola; Ward, Herbert; Sudhyadhom, Arhar; Jacobson, Charles E.; Siddiqui, Mustafa S. and Okun, Michael S. (2010)Full TextStereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 88 (5) 322 – 328.A Case of Mania following Deep Brain Stimulation for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2969111/
↑ Chopra, Ami; Tye, Susannah J.; Lee, Kendall H.; Sampson, Shirlene; Matsumoto, Joseph; Adams, Andrea; Klassen, Bran; Stead, Matt; Fields, Julie A. and Frye, Mark A. (2012)Full TextJ. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 24 (1) 102 – 110. Underlying Neurobiology and Clinical Correlates of Mania Status-Post Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: A Review of the Literaturehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3570815/
(May include Agnosia -
Loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells)
This has been studied by:-
Goldenburg et al (1986) Impairment of motor planning in patients with Parkinson's disease: evidence from ideomotor apraxia testing. [1]
Jacobs, Jesse V. et al (2006)The supplementary motor area contributes to the timing of the anticipatory postural adjustment during step initiation in participants with and without Parkinson’s disease [2]
Rohrer et al (2009) Apraxia in progressive nonfluent aphasia [3]
Liepelt-Scarfone et al (2011) Influence of Different Cut-Off Values on the Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease [4]
Further Research
Search the scientific literature (Apraxia)
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Apraxia.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
↑Goldenberg, G.; Wimmer, A. Auff, E.; and Schnaberth, G. Daniela (1986)Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg Psychiatry. 49 (11) 1266–1272. Impairment of motor planning in patients with Parkinson's disease: evidence from ideomotor apraxia testing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1029075/
↑ Jacobs, Jesse V.; Lou, Jau-Shin,; Kraakevik, Jeff A. and Horak, Fay, B. (2006)manuscript The supplementary motor area contributes to the timing of the anticipatory postural adjustment during step initiation in participants with and without Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762010/
↑Liepelt-Scarfone, Inga; Graeber, Susanne; Feseker Anne; Baysal, Gulsum, Godau, Jane; Gaenslen, Alexandra, Maetzler, Walter and Daniela Berg, Daniela (2011)Full Text Influence of Different Cut-Off Values on the Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3109363/
Brown and Marsden (1988) Internal versus external cues and the control of attention in Parkinson's Disease [1]
Morris et al (1988) Planning and spatial working memory in Parkinson's disease. [2]
Heindel et al (1989) Neuropsychological evidence for multiple implicit memory systems: a comparison of Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's disease patients [3]
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Block.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
↑ Morrris, R.G.; Downes, J.J.; Shakian, B.J.; Evenden, J.L.; Heald, A. and Robbins, T.W. (1988)Abstract J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 51 757 – 766. Planning and spatial working memory in Parkinson's disease. http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/51/6/757.abstract
↑ Heindl, W.C.; Salon, D.P.; Shults, C.W.; Walike, P.A. and Butters, N. (1989)Abstract The Journal of Neuroscience 9 (2) 582 – 58 Neuropsychological evidence for multiple implicit memory systems: a comparison of Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's disease patients http://www.jneurosci.org/content/9/2/582.short
↑ Goldman, Jennifer G. (2011)Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 82 (11) 1219 – 1224 New Thoughts on Thought Disorders in Parkinson's Disease: Review of Current Research Strategies and Challenges http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3049364/
↑ Fénelon, Gilles; Soulas, Thierry; De Langavant, Cleret, Laurent; Trinkler, Iris and Bachoud-Levi, Anne-Cathherine (2012)Full TextFeeling of presence in Parkinson's diseasehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3382202/
↑ Mack, Joel; Rabins, Peter; Anderson, Karen; Goldstein, Susan; Grill, Stephen; Hirsch, Elaina S.; Lehmann, Susan; Little, John T.; Margolis, Russell L.; Palanci, Justin; Pontone, Gregory; Weiss, Howard; Williams, James R. and Marsh, Laura (2012)Full Text Prevalence of Psychotic Symptoms in a Community-Based Parkinson’s Disease Sample http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3168582/
↑ Leverenz, James B.; Quinn, Joseph F.; Zabetian, Cyrus;Zhang, Jing; Montine, Kathleen S. and Montine, Thomas J. (date)Full TextCurr. Top Med. Chem. 9 (10) 903 – 912. Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Patients with Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804995/
↑ Johnson, David K.; and Galvin, James E. (2011)Full Text Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 31 (2) 98 – 108. Longitudinal Changes in Cognition in Parkinson's Disease with and without Dementia http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3047760/
↑ Weintraub, Daniel; Doshi, Jimit; Koka, Deepthi’ Davatzikos, Christos; Siderowf, Andrew D.; Duda, John E.; Wolk, David A.; Moberg, Paul J.; Xie, Sharon X. and Clark, Christopher M. (2011)Full TextArch Neurol. 68 (12) 1562 – 1568. Neurodegeneration Across Stages of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3290902/
Pathological irritability or sensitivity of an organ or a body part.
This symptom (also known as Mad Hatter's Disease is commonly associated with mercury toxicity, (prevalent in hat manufacture) which is itself a noted causal risk for PD.
The following references are relevant:-
Critchley (1981) Speech disorders of Parkinsonism: a review. [5]
Clarkson et al (2003)Human Exposure to Mercury: the Three Modern Dilemmas [6]
Liu et al (2012) Occupational Neurotoxic Diseasesin Taiwan[7]
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Erethism.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
↑ Goetz, Christopher G.; Ouyang, Bichun; Negrom, Alive and Stebbins, Glenn T. (1931)Full Text Neurology 75 (20) 1773 – 1779 Hallucinations and sleep disorders in PDhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2995381/
↑ Fénelon, Gilles; Soulas, Thierry; De Langavant, Laurent Cleret; Trinklet, Iris and Bachoud-Lévi, Anne-Catherine (2011)Full TextJ. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 82 (11): 1219 – 1224. Feeling of presence in Parkinson's disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3382202/
↑ Bertram, Kelly and Williams, David R. (201)Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 83 (4) 448 – 452 Visual hallucinations in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3297805/
↑ Clarkson, Thomas W.; Magos, Lazio and Myers, Gary J. font color="maroon">(2003)Abstract The Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medecine. 15 321 – 343 Human Exposure to Mercury: the Three Modern Dilemmas http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jtra.10050/abstract
↑ Aiello, S.R. and Hirsch, A.R. (2013)Abstract Int. J. Biometeorol. 2013 Mar 1. [Epub ahead of print]Phantosmia as a meteorological forecaster. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23456373
↑ Leverenz, James B.; Quinn, Joseph F.; Zabetian, Cyrus;Zhang, Jing; Montine, Kathleen S. and Montine, Thomas J. (date)Full TextCurr. Top Med. Chem. 9 (10) 903 – 912. Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Patients with Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804995/
↑ Johnson, David K.; and Galvin, James E. (2011)Full Text Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 31 (2) 98 – 108. Longitudinal Changes in Cognition in Parkinson's Disease with and without Dementia http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3047760/
↑ Weintraub, Daniel; Doshi, Jimit; Koka, Deepthi’ Davatzikos, Christos; Siderowf, Andrew D.; Duda, John E.; Wolk, David A.; Moberg, Paul J.; Xie, Sharon X. and Clark, Christopher M. (2011)Full TextArch Neurol. 68 (12) 1562 – 1568. Neurodegeneration Across Stages of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3290902/
(May include Agnosia -
Loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells)
This has been studied by:-
Goldenburg et al (1986) Impairment of motor planning in patients with Parkinson's disease: evidence from ideomotor apraxia testing. [1]
Jacobs, Jesse V. et al (2006)The supplementary motor area contributes to the timing of the anticipatory postural adjustment during step initiation in participants with and without Parkinson’s disease [2]
Rohrer et al (2009) Apraxia in progressive nonfluent aphasia [3]
Liepelt-Scarfone et al (2011) Influence of Different Cut-Off Values on the Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease [4]
Further Research
Search the scientific literature (Apraxia)
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Apraxia.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
↑Goldenberg, G.; Wimmer, A. Auff, E.; and Schnaberth, G. Daniela (1986)Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg Psychiatry. 49 (11) 1266–1272. Impairment of motor planning in patients with Parkinson's disease: evidence from ideomotor apraxia testing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1029075/
↑ Jacobs, Jesse V.; Lou, Jau-Shin,; Kraakevik, Jeff A. and Horak, Fay, B. (2006)manuscript The supplementary motor area contributes to the timing of the anticipatory postural adjustment during step initiation in participants with and without Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762010/
↑Liepelt-Scarfone, Inga; Graeber, Susanne; Feseker Anne; Baysal, Gulsum, Godau, Jane; Gaenslen, Alexandra, Maetzler, Walter and Daniela Berg, Daniela (2011)Full Text Influence of Different Cut-Off Values on the Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3109363/
↑Oluwadamilola O. Ojo, Njideka, Oo; Okubadejo, U.; Ojini, Frank I. and Danesi, Mustapha A. (2012)Full TextNiger. Med. J. 53 (2) 65 – 70 Frequency of cognitive impairment and depression in Parkinson's disease: A preliminary case-control study http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3530250/
Goldman and Litvan (2011)Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease[1]
Litvan et al(2011)MDS Task Force on Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Critical Review of PD-MCI[2]
Weintrub et al (2011)Neurodegeneration Across Stages of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease [3]
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Cognitive_Impairment.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
↑ Litvan, I.; D Aarsland, D.; Adler, C. H.; Goldman, J. G.; Kulisevsky, J.; Mollenhauer, B.; Rodriguez-Oroz, M. C.; AI Tröster, Al and D Weintraub, D. (2011)Full TextMov. Disord. 26 (10) 1814 – 1824. MDS Task Force on Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Critical Review of PD-MCI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181006/
↑ Weintrub, Daniel; Doshi, Jimit;Koka, Deepth; Davatzikos, Christos; Diderowf, Andrew D.; Duda, John E.; Wolk, David, Moberg, Paul J.; Xie, Sharon X. and Clark, Christopher M.(2011)Full TextArch. Neurol. 68 (12) 1562 – 1568. Neurodegeneration Across Stages of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3290902/
↑ Leverentz, James B.;Quinn, Joseph F.; Zabetian, Cyrus; Zhang, Jing; Montine, Kathleen S. and Montine, Thomas J. (2009)Full Text Curr. Top Med. Chem. 9 (10) 903 – 912
Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Patients with Parkinson Diseasehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804995/
↑ Wetntraub, Daniel; Chen, Peijun; Ignacio, Rosalinda V.; Mamikonyan, Eugenia and Kales, Helen C. (2011)Full Text Arch. Neurol. 68 (7) 899 – 904 Patterns and Trends in Antipsychotic Prescribing for Parkinson Disease Psychosis http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141727/
↑ Willis, Alison W,; Schootmann, Mario; Evanoff, Bradley A.; Perlmutter, Joel S. and Racette, Brad A. (2012)Full Text Arch Neurol. 69 (5) 601 – 607 Predictors of Survival in Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3599783/
Decreased ability of intestinal muscles to move stool through the bowels
Gao et al (2011) A Prospective Study of Bowel Movement Frequency and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease [1]
Forsyth et al (2011)Increased Intestinal Permeability Correlates with Sigmoid Mucosa alpha-Synuclein Staining and Endotoxin Exposure Markers in Early Parkinson's Disease [2]
Wang et al (2013) Early recognition of pelvic floor dyssynergia and colorectal assessment in Parkinson's disease associated with bowel dysfunction.[3]
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Constipation.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
↑ Gao, Xiang; Chen, Honglei; Schwarzchild, Michael and Ascherio, Alberto (2011)Full Text Am. J. Epidemiol. 174 (5) 546 – 551. A Prospective Study of Bowel Movement Frequency and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3202149/
↑ Forsyth, Christopher B.; Shannon, Kathleen M.; Kordower, Jeffrey H.; Voigt, Robin M.; Shaikh, Maliha; Jaglin, Jean A.; Eates, Jacob D. and Dodiva, Hemraj B.(2011)Full Text PLoS One. 2011; 6(12): e28032. Increased Intestinal Permeability Correlates with Sigmoid Mucosa alpha-Synuclein Staining and Endotoxin Exposure Markers in Early Parkinson's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3228722/
↑ Wang, C. P.; Sung, W.H.; Wang, C. C. and Tsai, P. Y. color="maroon">(2013)Full Text Colorectal Dis.2013.1111/codi.12105. [Epub ahead of print] Early recognition of pelvic floor dyssynergia and colorectal assessment in Parkinson's disease associated with bowel dysfunction. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23320499
↑ Witjas, T.; Eusebio, A.; Fluchère, F. and Azulay, J.P.
(2012)Full Text Rev. Neurol. (Paris). 168 (8-9) 624 - 633. Addictive behaviors and Parkinson's disease.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921247
↑ Politis, M.; Loane, C.; Wu, K.; O'Sullivan, S.S.; Woodhead, Z.; Kiferle, L.; Lawrence, A.D.; Lees, A.J. and Piccini, P. (2013)Full Text Brain. 136 (Pt 2) 400 -411.Neural response to visual sexual cues in dopamine treatment-linked hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23378222
↑ Pereira, B.; Llorca, P.M.; Durif, F.; Brousse, G.; Blanc, O.; Rieu, I.; Derost, P.; Ulla, M.; Debilly, B. and de Chazeron, I. (2013)Full Text Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 19 (2) 242 - 246. Screening hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease in everyday practice.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23176749
↑ Witjas, T.; Eusebio, A.; Fluchère, F. and Azulay, J.P.
(2012)Full Text Rev. Neurol. (Paris). 168 (8-9) 624 - 633. Addictive behaviors and Parkinson's disease.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921247
↑ Politis, M.; Loane, C.; Wu, K.; O'Sullivan, S.S.; Woodhead, Z.; Kiferle, L.; Lawrence, A.D.; Lees, A.J. and Piccini, P. (2013)Full Text Brain. 136 (Pt 2) 400 -411.Neural response to visual sexual cues in dopamine treatment-linked hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23378222
↑ Pereira, B.; Llorca, P.M.; Durif, F.; Brousse, G.; Blanc, O.; Rieu, I.; Derost, P.; Ulla, M.; Debilly, B. and de Chazeron, I. (2013)Full Text Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 19 (2) 242 - 246. Screening hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease in everyday practice.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23176749
↑ Witjas, T.; Eusebio, A.; Fluchère, F. and Azulay, J.P.
(2012)Full Text Rev. Neurol. (Paris). 168 (8-9) 624 - 633. Addictive behaviors and Parkinson's disease.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921247
↑ Politis, M.; Loane, C.; Wu, K.; O'Sullivan, S.S.; Woodhead, Z.; Kiferle, L.; Lawrence, A.D.; Lees, A.J. and Piccini, P. (2013)Full Text Brain. 136 (Pt 2) 400 -411.Neural response to visual sexual cues in dopamine treatment-linked hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23378222
↑ Pereira, B.; Llorca, P.M.; Durif, F.; Brousse, G.; Blanc, O.; Rieu, I.; Derost, P.; Ulla, M.; Debilly, B. and de Chazeron, I. (2013)Full Text Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 19 (2) 242 - 246. Screening hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease in everyday practice.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23176749
↑ Witjas, T.; Eusebio, A.; Fluchère, F. and Azulay, J.P.
(2012)Full Text Rev. Neurol. (Paris). 168 (8-9) 624 - 633. Addictive behaviors and Parkinson's disease.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921247
↑ Politis, M.; Loane, C.; Wu, K.; O'Sullivan, S.S.; Woodhead, Z.; Kiferle, L.; Lawrence, A.D.; Lees, A.J. and Piccini, P. (2013)Full Text Brain. 136 (Pt 2) 400 -411.Neural response to visual sexual cues in dopamine treatment-linked hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23378222
↑ Pereira, B.; Llorca, P.M.; Durif, F.; Brousse, G.; Blanc, O.; Rieu, I.; Derost, P.; Ulla, M.; Debilly, B. and de Chazeron, I. (2013)Full Text Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 19 (2) 242 - 246. Screening hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease in everyday practice.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23176749
↑ Russell, John A.; Ciucci, Michelle, R.; Connor, Nadine P. and Schallert, Timothy(2010) Full TextBrain Res. 1341 : 3 – 11. Targeted exercise therapy for voice and swallow in persons with Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2908992/
↑ Kalf, J.G.; de Swart, B.J.; Borm, G.F.; Bloem, B.R. and Munneke, M. (2009)Full TextJ. Neurol. 256 (9) 1391 – 1396Prevalence and definition of drooling in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2733191/
↑MacPherson, Megan K.; Huber, Jessica E. and Snow, David P.(2011)Full TextJ. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 54 (1) 10 – 32 The Intonation-Syntax Interface in the Speech of Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3441058/
↑ Walsh, Bridget and Smith, Anne (date)Full TextJ. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 54 (3) 787 – 802 Linguistic Complexity, Speech Production, and Comprehension in Parkinson’s Disease: Behavioral and Physiological Indices http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3418801/
↑ Colman, Katrien S.F.’ Koerts, Janneke; Stowe, Laurie A.; Leenders, Klaus L. and Basiaanse, Roelien (2011)Full Text Parkinsons Dis. 2011; 2011: 213983. Sentence Comprehension and Its Association with Executive Functions in Patients with Parkinson's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3202107/
↑ Baylor, Caroline; Burns, Michael; Eadie, Tanya; Britton, Deanna and Yorkston, Kathryn (2012)Full Text Am. J. Speech Lang Pathol. (20) (4) 269 – 287 A qualitative study of interference with communicative participation across communication disorders in adults http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3296484/
↑ Fox, Cynthis; Ebersbach, Georg; Ramig, Lorraine and Sapir, Shimon. (2012)Full Text Parkinsons Dis. 2012; 2012: 391946. LSVT LOUD and LSVT BIG: Behavioral Treatment Programs for Speech and Body Movement in Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3316992/
↑ Dierckx, R. A.; Saerens, J.; De Deyn, P.P.; Verseigers, W.; Marien, P. and Vandevivere, J. (1991)Abstract J. Nucl. Med. 32 (8) 1619 – 1621 Evolution of technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT and brain mapping in a patient presenting with echolalia and palilalia. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1869990
↑ Ghika, J.; Bogpuslavsky, J.; Ghika-Schmidt, F. and Regli, F. (1996)Abstract J. Neurol. 3 (9) 633 – 637 "Echoing approval": a new speech disorder. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8892063
Pathological irritability or sensitivity of an organ or a body part.
This symptom (also known as Mad Hatter's Disease is commonly associated with mercury toxicity, (prevalent in hat manufacture) which is itself a noted causal risk for PD.
The following references are relevant:-
Critchley (1981) Speech disorders of Parkinsonism: a review. [1]
Clarkson et al (2003)Human Exposure to Mercury: the Three Modern Dilemmas [2]
Liu et al (2012) Occupational Neurotoxic Diseasesin Taiwan[3]
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Erethism.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
↑ Clarkson, Thomas W.; Magos, Lazio and Myers, Gary J. font color="maroon">(2003)Abstract The Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medecine. 15 321 – 343 Human Exposure to Mercury: the Three Modern Dilemmas http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jtra.10050/abstract
↑ Rusell, John A.; Ciucci, Michelle R.; Connor, Nadine P. and Schallert, Timothy (2010)Full Text Brain Res. 1341 3 – 11. Targeted exercise therapy for voice and swallow in persons with Parkinson’s disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2908992/
↑ Hammer, Michal J.; Barlow, Stephen M.; Lyons, Kelly E. and Pahwa, Rajesh (2010)Full Text J. Neurol. 257 (10) 1692 – 1702. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation changes speech respiratory and laryngeal control in Parkinson's disease. http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3014054/
↑Darling, Meghan and Huber, Jessica E.(2011)Full Text J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 54 (5) 1247 – 1259. Changes to Articulatory Kinematics in Response to Loudness Cues in Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3433496/
↑ Bitsios, P.; Langley, R.W.; Tavernor, S.; Pykko, K.; Scheinin, M; Szabadi, S. and Bradshaw, C.M. (1998)Full Text Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 45 (6) 551 – 558. Comparison of the effects of moclobemide and selegiline on tyramine-evoked mydriasis in man http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1873648/
↑ Mojunder, Deb Kumr and Wensel, Theodore G.; (2009)Full Text Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 51 (1) 567 – 576. Topical Mydriatics Affect Light-Evoked Retinal Responses in Anesthetized Mice http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2869068/
Hoyles and Sharma (2013) Olfactory loss as a supporting feature in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: a pragmatic approach[1]
Takeda (2013) Severe olfactory dysfunction is a predictor of dementia with Parkinson’s disease[2]
Hüttenbrink et al (2013) Olfactory dysfunction: common in later life and early warning of neurodegenerative disease [3]
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Olfactory_dysfunction.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
↑Hoyles, K. and Shama, (2013)Full Text
J.C. J. Neurol. (Feb. 3) Olfactory loss as a supporting feature in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: a pragmatic approach. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23377435
↑ Takeda,A. (2013)Full Text Rinsho Shinkeigaku 53 (2) 91 – 97 Severe olfactory dysfunction is a predictor of dementia with Parkinson’s diseasehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23470887
↑ Hüttenbrink. K.B.; Hummel.T.; Berg, D; Gasser, T. and Hähner,A. (2013)Full TextDtsch. Arztebl. Int. 110 (1-2) 1 – 7 Olfactory dysfunction: common in later life and early warning of neurodegenerative disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450985
Guiloff et al (1980)Reversible supranuclear ophthalmoplegia associated with Parkinsonism [1]
Armstrong (2011)Visual signs and symptoms of progressive supranuclear palsy. [2]
Pontieri et al (2012) Sad and happy facial emotion recognition impairment in progressive supranuclear palsy in comparison with Parkinson's disease[3]Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Ophthalmoplegia.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
↑Ackermann, H; Ziegler, W. and Oerte, W. H.J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1989 Ju) Palilalia as a symptom of levodopa induced hyperkinesia in Parkinson's disease.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1032047/
↑ Anderson, J.; Hughes, J.; Rothi, L.; Crucian, L. and Crucian, K. (1981)Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 66 (6) 776 – 778 Developmental stuttering and Parkinson's disease: the effects of levodopa treatmenthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1736378/
↑Benke, T.; Hohenstein, C.; Poewe, W. and Butterworth, B. (2000)Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 69 (3) 319 – 324. Repetitive speech phenomena in Parkinson's diseasehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1737094/
↑ Fuentes, Romulo; Petersson, Per and Peterson, Miguel (2010)Full TextEur. J. Neurosci. 32 (7) 1100 –1 108. Restoration of locomotive function in Parkinson’s disease by spinal cord stimulation: mechanistic approach http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2998915/
↑Varanese et al ,Sara: Birnbaum, Zoe; Rossi, Roger and Di Rocco, Alessandro (2010)Full TextParkinsons Dis. 2010: 480260. Treatment of Advanced Parkinson's Diseasehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3238088/
↑Rutledhe, Robb B.; Lazzaro, Stephanie C.: Lau, Brian; Myers, Catherine E: Gluck, Mark A. and Glincher, Paul (2009)Full TextJ. Neurosci. 29 (48) 15104 – 15114. Dopaminergic Drugs Modulate Learning Rates and Perseveration in Parkinson’s Patients in a Dynamic Foraging Taskhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3376711/
↑ Weintraub, Daniel: Dietz, Nicole: Duda, John E.; Wolk, David A.; Doshi, Jimit; Xie, Sharon X.: Davatzikos, Christos, Clark, Christopher M. and Siderowf, Andrew (2012)Full TextBrain 135 (1) 170 – 180 Alzheimer's disease pattern of brain atrophy predicts cognitive decline in Parkinson's diseasehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3316476/
↑ Pagonabarraga, Javier; Corcuera-Solano, Idoia; VivesGilabert, Yolanda; Llebaria, Gisela; Garcia-Sanchez, Carmen; Pascual-Sedano, Berta; Delfino, Manuel¨Kulisevsky and Gomez-Anson, Beatriz (2013)Full Text PLoS One. 2013; 8(1): e54980. Pattern of Regional Cortical Thinning Associated with Cognitive Deterioration in Parkinson’s Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3554657 /
↑ Kalf, J.G.; de Swart, B.J.; Borm, G.F.; Bloem, B.R. and Munneke, M. (2009)Full TextJ. Neurol. 256 (9) 1391 – 1396Prevalence and definition of drooling in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2733191/
↑ Rascol, O.; Sabatini, U.; Siminetta-Moreau, M.; Montatruc J.L.; Rascol, A. and Clanet, M. (1991) Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 54 (7) 599 – 602. Square wave jerks in parkinsonian syndromes.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1014429/
↑ Scoditti, U.; Gemighnanai, F.; Colonna, F.; Ludovico, L. and Bettoni,(1993) Full Text L. Acta Neurol. Scand. 88 (4) 251 -253 Peroneal muscular atrophy with parkinsonism, ptosis, and congenital strabismushttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8256567
↑ Almer, Zina; Klein, Katheine S.; Marsh, Laura; Gerstenhaber, Melissa and Repka, Michael X. (2011) Full Text Ophthalmology. 119 (1) 178 – 182. Ocular Motor and Sensory Function in Parkinson Diseasehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3251710/
↑ Chaudhuri, Ray K.; Rojo, J.M.; Schapira, A.H.; Brooks, D.J.; Stocchi,F.; Odin, P.; Antonini, A.; Brown, R.J. and Martinez-Martin, P (2013)Full Text PLoS One 2013 8 (2) A proposal for a comprehensive grading of Parkinson's disease severity combining motor and non-motor assessments: meeting an unmet need.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584126/
↑Jain, Samay, and David S. Goldstein. Cardiovascular Dysautonomia in Parkinson Disease: From Pathophysiology to Pathogenesis. Neurobiology of Disease 46, no. 3 (June 2012): 572–580. Full Text PubMed Central http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3299874/