Complex numbers/Real part, conjugation, modulus/Introduction/Section
The set with and , with componentwise addition and the multiplication defined by
is called the field of complex numbers. We denote it by
So the addition is just the vector addition in , but the multiplication is a new operation. We will see in fact a more geometric interpretation for the complex multiplication.
From now on we write
and in particular we put , this number is called the imaginary unit. It has the important property
From this property and the rules of a field, one can deduce all algebraic properties of the complex numbers. This also helps in memorizing the multiplication rule as we have
We consider a real number as the complex number . Hence . It does not make a difference whether we add or multiply real numbers as real numbers or as complex numbers.
However, one should not think that complex numbers are less real than real numbers. The construction of the complex numbers starting from the reals is by far easier than the construction of the real numbers starting from the rational numbers. On the other hand, it was a long historic process until complex numbers were accepted as numbers; they form a field, but not an ordered field, and so at first glance they are numbers which do not measure anything.
One should think of complex numbers as points of the plane; for the additive structure we have directly . The horizontal axis is called the real axis and the vertical axis is called the imaginary axis.
The real part and the imaginary part of complex numbers fulfill the following properties (for
and in ).- .
- .
- .
- For
we have
- holds if and only if holds, and this holds if and only if holds.
Proof
The mapping
For , the number is called the complex-conjugated number of . Geometrically, the complex conjugation to is simple the reflection at the real axis.
For the complex conjugation, the following rules hold (for arbitrary
).- .
- .
- .
- For we have .
- .
- We have if and only if holds.
Proof
The square of a real number is always nonnegative, and the sum of two nonnegative real numbers is again nonnegative. For a nonnegative real number there exists a unique nonnegative square root , see
exercise
Hence the following definition yields a well-defined real number.
The modulus of a complex number is, due to the Pythagorean theorem, the distance of to the zero point . The modulus is a mapping
The set of all complex numbers with a certain modulus form a circle with the zero point as center and with the modulus as radius. In particular, all complex numbers with modulus form the complex unit circle. The numbers of the complex unit circle are by the formula of Euler in relation to the complex exponential function and to the trigonometric functions, see fact and fact. We further mention that the product of two complex numbers of the unit circle may be computed by adding the angles starting from the positive real axis counter clockwise.
The modulus of complex numbers
fulfils the following properties.- .
- For real the real and the complex modulus are the same.
- We have if and only if .
- .
- .
- For we have .
- .
- (triangle inequality).
We only show the triangle inequality, for the other statements see exercise. Because of (7) we have for every complex number the estimate . Therefore,
and hence
By taking the square root, we get the stated estimate.