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Understanding Marriage: Cultural Significance, Practices, and Impact

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Understanding Marriage: Cultural Significance, Practices, and Impact

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This comprehensive course delves deep into the institution of marriage, providing students with a thorough exploration of its cultural significance, practices across different societies, and the profound impact it has on individuals and communities. Through historical insights, learners will gain an understanding of the evolution of marriage, its various forms, and how it reflects the norms and values of diverse cultures. The course analyzes the rich tapestry of rituals, customs, and traditions associated with marriage, showcasing their global diversity. Students will also examine the influential role of marriage in shaping family structures, gender roles, and the broader social fabric. By the end of the course, students will possess a profound comprehension of the multifaceted nature of marriage and its central position as a cornerstone of human relationships and societies.[1][2]

Behavioural Objectives

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By the end of this course, learners will:

  1. Define marriage as a social and legal union and grasp its cultural significance in shaping societies worldwide.[3]
  2. Analyze the historical evolution of marriage, exploring its different forms and adaptations across various historical periods and civilizations.
  3. Examine the myriad rituals, customs, and traditions associated with marriage, understanding their symbolic meanings and significance in different cultures.
  4. Understand how marriage influences family structures, inheritance, property rights, and shared responsibilities within marital unions.[4]
  5. Explore the impact of marriage on gender roles and its reflection of cultural norms and expectations.

Definition Of Marriage

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Marriage is fhr the smallest social Unit that common to all societies.[1]

Marriage is a fundamental institution in human civilization, serving as a social and legal union between two individuals, recognized and established by society and governed by legal frameworks. This formal contract involves emotional, financial, and social commitments between the partners, with implications that extend beyond the individual level, impacting families, communities, and societies at large.[2]

The cultural significance of marriage in shaping societies worldwide

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1. Family Formation: Marriage serves as the foundation of family structures, providing stability and organization within communities. It establishes the framework for raising children and passing down cultural values and traditions to future generations, contributing to the continuity of cultural heritage.[3]

2. Social Cohesion: Marital unions foster social cohesion by bringing together individuals and families. They strengthen social bonds and networks, forming the basis for extended family relationships and kinship ties, which promote interconnectedness within communities.[4]

3. Legal and Economic Implications: Marriage carries significant legal and economic implications. It affects inheritance rights, property ownership, and financial responsibilities between spouses. Legal recognition of marriage ensures certain rights and protections, safeguarding the well-being of partners and their children.[5]

4. Gender Roles and Expectations: Marriages often reflect and reinforce societal norms and expectations related to gender roles. Cultural beliefs about the roles of husbands and wives within marriages can have a substantial impact on broader gender dynamics in society.[6]

5. Cultural Traditions and Rituals: Marriage ceremonies and customs are deeply ingrained in cultural traditions, symbolizing the values and practices of specific communities or groups. These rituals reinforce cultural identities and heritage, celebrating the uniqueness of each culture.[7]

6. Religious and Spiritual Significance: In many cultures, marriage holds religious or spiritual significance, symbolizing the divine bond between two individuals. Religious ceremonies and teachings often shape the beliefs and practices surrounding marriage, adding a sacred dimension to the institution.[8]

7. Social Status and Reputation: The institution of marriage can significantly influence an individual's social status and reputation within their community. Marital alliances may elevate one's social standing or contribute to the perceived stability of a family or community, impacting how individuals are perceived and valued.[9]

8. Population and Demographics: The prevalence and practices of marriage have tangible effects on population growth and demographics. Societies with strong marriage traditions tend to have more stable population structures, contributing to societal sustainability.[10]

[11]

Historical Evolution Of Marriage

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The historical evolution of marriage is a complex and diverse journey that has witnessed significant changes across various historical periods and civilizations. Exploring its different forms and adaptations reveals how marriage has evolved to suit the needs, values, and norms of different societies. Let's analyze this evolution:

1. Ancient Civilizations: In ancient societies like Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece, marriage was primarily a social and economic institution. It served to consolidate power, forge alliances, and secure property and wealth. Romantic love was not a primary consideration, and marriages were often arranged between families.[12]


2. Middle Ages: During the Middle Ages, particularly in Europe, marriage continued to be influenced by economic and political factors. It was common among the nobility to arrange marriages for political alliances and landownership, ensuring the continuity of wealth and power.[13]


3. Renaissance and Enlightenment: In Europe, the Renaissance and Enlightenment periods saw a shift towards individualism and the emergence of the concept of romantic love. Marriages started to involve the consent and choice of the couple, though societal and familial pressures still played a significant role.[14]


4. 19th Century: The 19th century witnessed a transformation in marriage dynamics, particularly in Western societies. The rise of romanticism and the idea of marrying for love gained momentum, giving more importance to emotional connections and personal fulfillment in marriage.[15]


5. Early 20th Century: At the beginning of the 20th century, traditional gender roles were prevalent in many societies, with marriage often serving as a means of perpetuating these roles. Women were typically expected to be homemakers, while men were the breadwinners.[16]


6. Modern Era: In recent decades, marriage has undergone significant changes worldwide. There has been a rise in the acceptance of same-sex marriages, recognizing the rights and choices of individuals irrespective of gender. The institution has also evolved to embrace diverse cultural and religious practices.[17]


7. Shifting Norms: Throughout history, norms surrounding marriage have evolved based on cultural, religious, and societal influences. Monogamous relationships became the prevailing norm in many societies, although polygamous unions continued to exist in some regions.[18]


8. Legal and Policy Changes: Over time, legal and policy changes have also influenced the institution of marriage. Laws regarding divorce, marital rights, and gender equality have had a profound impact on the nature of marriages.[19]

9. Global Diversity: It's important to note that marriage traditions have continued to differ widely across the globe. Some cultures have retained traditional practices, such as arranged marriages, while others have embraced love-based marriages and non-traditional unions.[20]


In summary, the historical evolution of marriage showcases its adaptability to diverse cultural, religious, and social contexts. From being primarily an economic arrangement to emphasizing emotional bonds and individual choices, marriage has evolved significantly throughout history. Understanding its different forms and adaptations provides valuable insights into the dynamic nature of this vital institution.[21][22][23]

Myraid, Rituals, Customs, and Traditions In Marriage

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The myriad rituals, customs, and traditions associated with marriage hold profound symbolic meanings and significance in different cultures worldwide. These practices vary greatly, reflecting the unique values, beliefs, and customs of each society. Let's examine some of these rituals and their cultural importance:

1. Wedding Ceremonies: Wedding ceremonies form the central and most recognizable ritual in most cultures. They often involve elaborate celebrations, rituals, and exchanges of vows between the couple. The ceremony symbolizes the formal union of two individuals and their commitment to each other.[24]


2. Exchange of Rings: The exchange of wedding rings is a common tradition in many cultures. The rings symbolize eternal love and commitment between the couple. They are worn as a constant reminder of their marital bond.[25]

3. Wedding Attire: The attire worn by the bride and groom during the wedding ceremony often carries cultural and symbolic significance. Colors, fabrics, and designs may represent cultural heritage or convey specific meanings like purity, prosperity, or marital status.[26]


4. Blessings and Prayers: In religious wedding ceremonies, blessings and prayers are an essential part of the rituals. They seek divine guidance, blessings for the couple's future, and their commitment to living a life of love and harmony.[27]


5. Unity Rituals: Unity rituals are symbolic acts that represent the merging of two individuals into a united entity. Examples include the lighting of a unity candle, pouring of sand into a shared container, or tying of ceremonial knots.[28]


6. Henna and Mehndi: In many cultures, henna or mehndi ceremonies are held before the wedding, where intricate designs are applied to the bride's hands and feet. This practice signifies beauty, auspiciousness, and protection.[29]


7. Wedding Feasts: Wedding feasts are an integral part of marriage celebrations in various cultures. They symbolize abundance, prosperity, and hospitality, bringing families and communities together to celebrate the joyous occasion.[30]


8. Dancing and Music: Dance and music play a crucial role in wedding celebrations across cultures. They represent joy, celebration, and the expression of emotions during the festive occasion.[31]


9. Cultural Symbolism: Many wedding customs have deep-rooted cultural symbolism. For instance, the breaking of a glass in Jewish weddings symbolizes the fragility of human relationships and the commitment to repair any brokenness.[32]


10. Marriage Contracts and Dowries: In some cultures, marriage involves formal contracts and the exchange of dowries. These customs carry economic and social significance, signifying the alliance between families and the commitment to support the newlyweds.[33][34]

11. Post-Wedding Rituals: After the wedding, various customs may take place, such as gift-giving, blessings from elders, or post-wedding parties. These practices extend the celebration and reinforce the couple's integration into their new roles and responsibilities.[35]


In conclusion, the rituals, customs, and traditions associated with marriage are a rich tapestry of cultural expressions and symbolic meanings. Each tradition reflects the values and beliefs of a specific community and plays a vital role in celebrating the union of two individuals, the bond between families, and the continuity of cultural heritage. Understanding these diverse practices provides a deeper appreciation for the significance of marriage in different cultures around the world.[36][37][38]

Influence Of Marriage in Family Structure and Inheritance

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Marriage exerts a profound influence on family structures, inheritance, property rights, and shared responsibilities within marital unions. Let's explore how this institution impacts these aspects:

1. Family Structures: Marriage forms the foundation of family structures in most societies. When two individuals marry, they create a legally recognized union that extends beyond their individual identities. They become part of a new family unit and often establish their own household. This unit serves as the primary building block of communities and societies.[39]

2. Inheritance: Marriage often plays a significant role in determining inheritance rights. In many cultures, spouses are considered legal heirs to each other's property and assets. This ensures that a surviving spouse has a claim to the deceased partner's possessions, providing financial security and stability.[40]

3. Property Rights: In many marital unions, the concept of joint property ownership comes into play. This means that assets acquired during the marriage are owned jointly by both partners, irrespective of who earned or contributed more. Joint property rights promote economic equity within the marriage and contribute to the well-being of both spouses. [41]

4. Shared Responsibilities: Marriage involves the sharing of responsibilities and obligations between spouses. These responsibilities can encompass financial matters, child-rearing, household chores, and emotional support. Partners work together to navigate the challenges and joys of life, fostering a sense of partnership and mutual support.[42]

[43]

5. Parental Rights and Responsibilities: In many societies, marriage confers parental rights and responsibilities upon both spouses. Children born within a marital union are typically considered the legal and legitimate offspring of both parents. This legal recognition ensures that both parents are responsible for the well-being and upbringing of their children.[44]

6. Extended Family Connections: Marriage often strengthens connections with extended family members. In many cultures, the union of two individuals also brings together their respective families, creating a network of relationships and support systems.[45]

7. Social Status and Recognition: Marriage carries societal recognition and respect, elevating the social status of individuals within their community. Married couples are often regarded as a symbol of stability and commitment, influencing their reputation and standing.[46]


8. Emotional and Psychological Benefits: Marriage provides emotional and psychological benefits to individuals. Companionship, intimacy, and emotional support contribute to overall well-being and mental health. The sense of belonging and security within a marital union can enhance personal happiness and life satisfaction.[47]


In summary, marriage profoundly influences family structures, inheritance, property rights, and shared responsibilities within marital unions. It establishes a legally recognized union between two individuals, creating a new family unit with shared rights, responsibilities, and obligations. The institution of marriage plays a vital role in shaping individual lives, family dynamics, and the broader fabric of societies.[48][49]

Significance Of Marriage in Shaping Gender roles and reflecting Cultural Norms

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Marriage plays a significant role in shaping gender roles and reflecting cultural norms and expectations. The impact of marriage on gender roles can vary across societies, but certain common themes can be observed:

1. Traditional Gender Roles: In many cultures, marriage has historically reinforced traditional gender roles, where men are expected to be providers and protectors, while women are assigned roles as caregivers and homemakers. These roles are often based on long-standing cultural norms and expectations.[50]


2. Division of Labor: Marriage can influence the division of labor within the household. Traditional gender roles may lead to distinct responsibilities for men and women, with men primarily engaged in paid work outside the home and women responsible for domestic chores and childcare.[51]


3. Economic Dependence: Traditional gender roles in marriage can result in economic dependence for one partner, usually the woman. This dependence may limit opportunities for women to pursue education or career advancement, reinforcing societal gender inequalities.[52]


4. Cultural Expectations: Marriage often reflects and perpetuates cultural expectations regarding appropriate behavior and attitudes for men and women. These expectations can influence how couples navigate their roles within the marriage and broader society.[53]


5. Changing Gender Roles: In some societies, marriage has also been a catalyst for changing gender roles. As women's roles in society have evolved, so have the dynamics within marriages. Many couples now share responsibilities and work collaboratively to balance family and career aspirations.[54]


6. Negotiation of Roles: Marriage can be an arena for negotiation and renegotiation of gender roles. Modern couples may discuss and redefine their roles, seeking to create more equitable and balanced relationships that align with their values and aspirations.[55]


7. Parental Roles: Marriage often influences parental roles, with mothers traditionally seen as primary caregivers. However, societal expectations are evolving, and more fathers are actively involved in parenting, challenging traditional norms.[56]


8. Cultural Norms and Stereotypes: The influence of marriage on gender roles can perpetuate cultural norms and stereotypes. Societal expectations about gendered behavior may be reinforced through marriage ceremonies, wedding traditions, and other cultural practices.[57]

9. Empowerment and Agency: In progressive societies, marriage can be a platform for empowering women and promoting gender equality. It offers opportunities for women to assert their agency and challenge restrictive gender norms.[58]

In conclusion, marriage significantly impacts gender roles and serves as a reflection of cultural norms and expectations. It can either reinforce traditional gender roles or be a driving force for change and empowerment. As societies evolve and challenge traditional norms, marriage continues to be an essential arena for negotiating and reshaping gender roles, playing a crucial role in shaping individual identities and societal attitudes toward gender.[59][60][61]

Practice Questions

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Practice Questions:

1. Define marriage and explain its cultural significance in shaping societies worldwide.

2. Compare and contrast the historical evolution of marriage across different civilizations and historical periods.

3. Choose one specific culture and describe the rituals, customs, and traditions associated with marriage in that culture, highlighting their symbolic meanings.

4. How does marriage impact family structures, inheritance, and property rights within marital unions?

5. Discuss the division of labor and shared responsibilities within a traditional marriage and a modern marriage.

6. Explain how marriage reflects cultural norms and expectations related to gender roles in different societies.

7. Provide examples of how marriage rituals and customs vary across cultures and regions, and discuss their significance in each context.

8. Analyze the changing attitudes towards marriage and its impact on gender roles in contemporary societies.

9. How does marriage influence the social status and reputation of individuals within their communities?

10. Describe how marriage practices have evolved over time and the factors contributing to these changes in different societies.

References

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  1. ↑ "Marriage and Family". opentextbc.ca. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  2. ↑ "Meaning and Purpose". www.foryourmarriage.org. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  3. ↑ "Marriage and Families Across Cultures". Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  4. ↑ ONIGU OTITE (1991). "MARRIAGE AND FAMILY SYSTEMS IN NIGERIA". International Journal of Sociology of the Family (International Journals) 21 (2): 15-54. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23029811. Retrieved 2023-08-09. 
  5. ↑ "Equal Rights and Responsibilities in Marriage". Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  6. ↑ Eyo O. Mensah (2023). "Husband is a Priority: Gender Roles, Patriarchy and the Naming of Female Children in Nigeria". Gender Issues 40: 44–64. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12147-022-09303-z. Retrieved 2023-08-09. 
  7. ↑ https://www.beau-coup.com/cultural-traditions-weddings.htm
  8. ↑ "Religion". Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  9. ↑ Naema N Tahir (2021). "Understanding Arranged Marriage: An Unbiased Analysis of a Traditional Marital Institution". International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family 35 (1): ebab005. doi:10.1093/lawfam/ebab005. https://academic.oup.com/lawfam/article/35/1/ebab005/6344842. Retrieved 2023-08-09. 
  10. ↑ "Why Is Marriage So Important? | ComeUntoChrist". www.churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  11. ↑ Dad, All Pro (2014-03-11). "5 Reasons Why Marriage is So Important". All Pro Dad. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  12. ↑ "The Family in Ancient Mesopotamia". Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  13. ↑ Lawrence Stone (1961). "Marriage among the English Nobility in the 16th and 17th Centuries". Comparative Studies in Society and History (Cambridge University Press) 3 (2): 182-206. https://www.jstor.org/stable/177627. Retrieved 2023-08-09. 
  14. ↑ "Love and Marriage". Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  15. ↑ "How Marriage Has Changed Over Centuries". Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  16. ↑ "Gender Roles in Society: Definition & Overview". Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  17. ↑ Laurie A. Drabble, Angie R. Wootton, Cindy B. (2021). "Perceived psychosocial impacts of legalized same-sex marriage: A scoping review of sexual minority adults’ experiences". PLoS One 16 (5): e0249125. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249125. PMID 33956825. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8101749/. Retrieved 2023-08-09. 
  18. ↑ "Marriage". Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  19. ↑ Adrienne D. Davis (2010). "REGULATING POLYGAMY: INTIMACY, DEFAULT RULES, AND BARGAINING FOR EQUALITY". Columbia Law Review (Columbia Law Review Association, Inc.) 110 (8): 1955-2046. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27896317. Retrieved 2023-08-09. 
  20. ↑ Aaron A. R. Nwabude (2022). "Traditional African (the Igbo) Marriage Customs & the Influence of the Western Culture: Marxist Approach". Journal of Sociology and Social Work 10 (2): 183-197. doi:10.4236/jss.2022.102016. https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=115398. Retrieved 2023-08-09. 
  21. ↑ "The origins of marriage". The Week. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  22. ↑ "A Brief History of Marriage and How It Has Evolved". Brides. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  23. ↑ "The history of marriage | Ince & Co". www.inceco.com. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  24. ↑ "Marriage Ceremonies". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  25. ↑ "Wedding Rings History". www.courtly.com. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  26. ↑ "Nigerian Wedding Traditions". www.brides.com. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  27. ↑ "Wedding Prayer". www.younghipandmarried.com. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  28. ↑ "Unity Sand Ceremony". www.brides.com. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  29. ↑ "Significance of Henna in Indian Weddings". guardian.ng. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  30. ↑ Min Han (2023). "The logic between nature and culture: food in the wedding traditions across East Asia". International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology 7: Article number: 9. https://ijae.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41257-023-00088-x. Retrieved 2023-08-09. 
  31. ↑ Jerome Lewis (2013). A Cross-Cultural Perspective on the Significance of Music and Dance on Culture and Society, with Insight from BaYaka Pygmies. In Michael Arbib. "A Cross-Cultural Perspective on the Significance of Music and Dance on Culture and Society, with Insight from BaYaka Pygmies". Language, Music and the Brain: A mysterious relationship. Strüngmann Forum Reports, vol. 10 (MIT Press) 10: 45-65. doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262018104.003.0002. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260037995_A_Cross-Cultural_Perspective_on_the_Significance_of_Music_and_Dance_on_Culture_and_Society_with_Insight_from_BaYaka_Pygmies. Retrieved 2023-08-09. 
  32. ↑ "What Does the Breaking of the Glass Symbolize?". Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  33. ↑ "What Is a Dowry?". Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  34. ↑ "What is Dowry? - Definition & Bride Price". Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  35. ↑ "Hindu Pre and Post Wedding Ceremonies". Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  36. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/topic/marriage
  37. ↑ "43 Fascinating Wedding Traditions From Around the World". Brides. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  38. ↑ "10 Nigerian Wedding Traditions & Customs We Love!". Orange Blossom Special Events. 2020-06-08. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  39. ↑ "Defining Family". Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  40. ↑ "Defining Family". Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  41. ↑ "Rights of the Surviving Spouse in Succession". Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  42. ↑ "Defining Family". Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  43. ↑ "Rights of the Surviving Spouse in Succession". Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  44. ↑ "Managing Shared Responsibility in Marriage". Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  45. ↑ "Marriage and Family". hraf.yale.edu. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  46. ↑ "Marriage and Family - Introduction to Sociology 2nd Edition". Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  47. ↑ Ann Evans, Edith Gray, Anna Reimondos (2023). [[Insert URL Here] "Having a Partner or Living with a Partner: Differences in Life Satisfaction and Mental Health"]. Applied Research in Quality of Life (Open Access) 2023: 465. doi:[Insert DOI Here]. [Insert URL Here]. Retrieved 2023-08-09. 
  48. ↑ academic.oup.com https://academic.oup.com/book/4544/chapter-abstract/146642174?redirectedFrom=fulltext. Retrieved 2023-08-01. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  49. ↑ "Effects of Marriage on Couple's Relationship [Marripedia]". marripedia.org. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  50. ↑ Nidhi Sharma, Subho Chakrabarti, Sandeep Grover (2016). "Gender differences in caregiving among family-caregivers of people with mental illnesses". World J Psychiatry 6 (1): 7–17. doi:10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.7. PMID 27014594. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4804270/. Retrieved 2023-08-09. 
  51. ↑ Dana V. Hiller, William W. Philliber (1986). "The Division of Labor in Contemporary Marriage: Expectations, Perceptions, and Performance". Social Problems (Oxford University Press) 33 (3): 191-201. doi:10.2307/800704. https://www.jstor.org/stable/800704. Retrieved 2023-08-09. 
  52. ↑ Julie Brines (1994). "Economic Dependency, Gender, and the Division of Labor at Home". American Journal of Sociology (The University of Chicago Press) 100 (3): 652-688. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2782401. Retrieved 2023-08-09. 
  53. ↑ Eyo O. Mensah (2023). "Husband is a Priority: Gender Roles, Patriarchy and the Naming of Female Children in Nigeria". Gender Issues 40: 44–64. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12147-022-09303-z. Retrieved 2023-08-09. 
  54. ↑ Bickley Townsend (2001). "Dual-Earner Couples and Long Work Hours: A Structural and Life Course Perspective". Berkeley Journal of Sociology (Regents of the University of California) 45: 161-179. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41035561. Retrieved 2023-08-09. 
  55. ↑ Jaime Marks, Lam Chun Bun, Susan M. McHale (2009). "Family Patterns of Gender Role Attitudes". Sex Roles 61 (3-4): 221–234. doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9619-3. PMID 22308059. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3270818/. Retrieved 2023-08-09. 
  56. ↑ Marc H. Bornstein, Diane L. Putnick (2016). "MOTHERS' AND FATHERS' PARENTING PRACTICES WITH THEIR DAUGHTERS AND SONS IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES". Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 81 (1): 60–77. doi:10.1111/mono.12226. PMID 29576660. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5863585/. Retrieved 2023-08-09. 
  57. ↑ "What Are Generalizations and Stereotypes?". Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  58. ↑ "What Are Generalizations and Stereotypes?". Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  59. ↑ Little, William; Little, William (2014-11-06). Chapter 14. Marriage and Family (in en). https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter14-marriage-and-family/. 
  60. ↑ Gonalons-Pons, Pilar; Gangl, Markus (2021-06). "Marriage and Masculinity: Male-Breadwinner Culture, Unemployment, and Separation Risk in 29 Countries". American Sociological Review 86 (3): 465–502. doi:10.1177/00031224211012442. ISSN 0003-1224. PMID 34149053. PMC PMC8211126. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00031224211012442. 
  61. ↑ Scott, Elizabeth S. (2000). "Social Norms and the Legal Regulation of Marriage". Virginia Law Review 86 (8): 1901–1970. doi:10.2307/1073833. ISSN 0042-6601. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1073833. 
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