Esperanto/Root chart
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This is an attempt to create a convenient list of the roots and their meanings in English
Proper nouns have been omitted. - and should not be changed.
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Personal Pronouns
[edit | edit source]| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| first person | mi (I) | ni (we) | |
| second person | vi (you) | ||
| third person |
masculine | li (he) | ili (they) |
| feminine | ŝi (she) | ||
| epicene | ĝi (it) | ||
| neutral | ri* (they) | ||
*nonstandard, typically used as a third-gender pronoun and using it is called riismo (they-ism)
Correlatives
[edit | edit source]| Correlative Table | K- | T- | (alone) | Ĉ- | Nen- | al-
(non-standard & likely to cause confusion) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -u (Unique person/thing) |
k-i-u (who) |
t-i-u (this/that person/thing) |
i-u (some/a person/thing) |
ĉ-i-u (every person/thing) |
nen-i-u (No person/thing) |
al-i-u (someone else) |
| -e (place, location) |
k-i-e (where) |
t-i-e (there) |
i-e (some place) |
ĉ-i-e (every place) |
nen-i-e (No place) |
al-i-e (elsewhere) |
| -o (abstract thing) |
k-i-o (what) |
t-i-o (that) |
i-o (some thing) |
ĉ-i-o (every thing) |
nen-i-o (No thing) |
al-i-o (something else) |
| -a (type/kind) |
k-i-a (what type, which kind) |
t-i-a (this/that type/kind) |
i-a (some/a type/kind) |
ĉ-i-a (every type/kind) |
nen-i-a (No type/kind) |
al-i-a (another kind) |
| -om (quantity) |
k-i-om (how many) |
t-i-om (this many) |
i-om (some amount) |
ĉ-i-om (every amount) |
nen-i-om (No amount) |
al-i-om (another amount) |
| -am (time) |
k-i-am (when) |
t-i-am (then) |
i-am (some time) |
ĉ-i-am (every time, always) |
nen-i-am (No time, never) |
al-i-am (another time) |
| -es (ownership) |
k-i-es (whose) |
t-i-es (their) |
i-es (some/any one's) |
ĉ-i-es (everyone's) |
neni-es (noone's) |
al-i-es (someone else's) |
| -al (causation) |
k-i-al (why) |
t-i-al (because) |
i-al (for some reason) |
ĉ-i-al (for all reasons) |
nen-i-al (for no reason) |
al-i-al (another reason) |
| -el (method) |
k-i-el (how, in what method) |
t-i-el (in this method) |
i-el (in some method) |
ĉ-i-el (in every way) |
nen-i-el (in no way) |
al-i-el (another way) |
Prepositions
[edit | edit source]| preposition | Meaning |
|---|---|
| al | to, toward |
| anstataŭ | instead of |
| antaŭ | before, in front of |
| apud | beside, near, nearby, near to, next to |
| ĉe | at (generic non-specific preposition) |
| ĉirkaŭ | about, around, circa |
| de | of, from, by |
| dum | during, for, while |
| ekde | since, starting/beginning at |
| el | from, out of |
| en | into, inside, inside of |
| ekster | outside, outside of |
| eksteren | outward, towards the outside of |
| ĝis | until, till |
| inter | among, between |
| kontraŭ | against, across from, in exchange for, opposed to, opposite |
| krom | except for, except, apart from, besides |
| kun | with, together with |
| laŭ | according to |
| malgraŭ | despite, in spite of |
| ol | than (more/less) |
| per | by means of, through use of |
| plus | numerically greater than |
| post | after, behind |
| po | at the rate of |
| por | on behalf of |
| preter | beyond |
| pri | about, concerning, on, upon |
| pro | because of |
| sen | without |
| sub | below, beneath |
| sur | upon, on top of |
| super | above, over |
| tra | through (as in a location, not through use/means of) |
| trans | across, beyond, on the other side of |
Suffixes
[edit | edit source]| Suffix | Audio | Meaning | Example | Audio | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -aĉ | cheap, poor quality | dom-aĉ-o | shack | ||
| -ad | prolonged | parol-ad-i | ramble | ||
| -aĵo | to make a noun | sek-aĵ-o | dry good | ||
| -an | citizen, member of | Kanad-an-o | Canadian | ||
| -ar | group | Kanad-an-ar-o | Canadians | ||
| -ĉj | male nickname | pa-ĉj-o | daddy | ||
| -ebl | possibility | vid-ebl-a | visible | ||
| -ec | -ness | dolĉ-ec-o | sweetness | ||
| -eg | bigger | vent-eg-o | gale | ||
| -ej | to make a place | preĝ-ej-o | church/temple (place of prayer) | ||
| -em | tendency | ŝpar-em-a | thrifty | ||
| -end | should/must | leg-end-a | that should be read | ||
| -er | part of | sal-er-o | grain of salt | ||
| -estr | leader | Kanad-estr-o | Prime-minister (Canadian leader) | ||
| -et | smaller | rid-et-i | smile (little laugh) | ||
| -id | offspring | ĉeval-id-o | colt | ||
| -ig | to cause | pur-ig-i | to make clean | ||
| -iĝ | to become | ruĝ-iĝ-i | blush (redden) | ||
| -il | tool | ŝlos-il-o | key (lock tool) | ||
| -in | female | Kanad-an-in-o | Canadian woman | ||
| -ind | worthy | admir-ind-a | admirable | ||
| -ist | profession | Esperant-ist-o | Esperanto teacher/speaker | ||
| -nj | female nickname | pa-nj-o | mommy | ||
| -obl | times/-fold | du-obl-a | double | ||
| -on | part, fraction | kvar-on-o | quarter | ||
| #op | group | du-op-o | pair, couple | ||
| -uj | container | mon-uj-o | purse/wallet | ||
| -ul | person of trait | stult-ul-o | fool |