Template:Refbegin
 | If hanging indentations (|indent=) is used, you may see malformed lists where list items are preceded by an asterisk (*). To fix this, replace all instances of the asterisk in your reference list with the indent (:) character. |
{{refbegin}} and its complementary closing template {{refend}} are used to apply any of several optional styles or presentational choices for bibliographies or reference lists—that is, lists of fully-specified references / sources / works cited, alpha-sorted by author/contributor) that appear in Wikiversity resources.
The formatting options provided by this template are:
| Option | How to get it | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| font size reduction | {{refbegin}} | no parameters needed, default will reduce to 90% of standard browser text size |
| display list in multiple columns | {{refbegin|n}} | where n determines the number of columns, or width of columns based on the browser's screen width |
| apply hanging indent | {{refbegin|indent=yes}} | will apply hanging indent if an individual reference wraps over more than one line in the browser's display window |
Each use of {{refbegin}} whether with or without parameters, needs an accompanying {{refend}} closing template to 'turn off' the formatting; refend does not need any parameters.
Font size reduction is always applied. Either one, the other, or both of multi-columns and hanging indent may be applied as well (though see specifics and caveats on browser differences in relevant sections, below).
Usage
[edit source]With all (optional) parameters shown:
==References==
{{ refbegin |n |indent= |indentsize= }}
* list of bibliography/references entries..
...
{{refend}}
The formatting provided by {{refbegin}} is "turned on" at the location where the template is placed, and is applied to all text after and below it, until it is "turned off" by a closing {{refend}} template (or </div> tag). Failing to provide a closing {{refend}} may produce unwanted effects in other sections that may appear below the references.
Option 1: Text size (default behaviour)
[edit source]The default usage (without parameters) applies a style that reduces the text size of the bibliographies/reference list entries. This can be useful to make a long bibliography/list of references display more compactly, and it also mimics the formatting style applied to footnotes by the {{reflist}} template.
The {{reflist}} formats footnotes—any text in the resource body that is placed between <ref>...</ref> tags—that are auto-generated by the cite extension, called by {{reflist}}. The font size should reduce to 90% for most browsers, but may appear to show at 100% for Internet Explorer and possibly other browsers. Reflist and Refbegin use each one CSS entry in MediaWiki:Common.css to set the font size:
div.reflist,
div.refbegin {
font-size: 90%;
}
Editors may over-ride this setting by placing entries in their personal CSS.
If the 'full' footnotes referencing system is used (i.e. there is no separate bibliography/references list, all cites/references are defined in <ref>...</ref> tags), then use {{reflist}} alone:
== References ==
{{reflist}}
If there is a bibliography/references list but no footnoted citations (e.g. in general references or parenthetical referencing systems) then use {{refbegin}} and {{refend}} like so:
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* general reference 1
* general reference 2
{{refend}}
If there are footnoted citations and a separate bibliography/references list, then place {{reflist}} to generate the footnotes, and use {{refbegin}} in the latter section:
== Notes ==
{{reflist}} <!--this will auto-generate the numbered list of footnotes/cites -->
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* bibliography entry / reference 1
* bibliography entry / reference 2
* etc
{{refend}}
Option 2: Multiple columns
[edit source]If an integer n is supplied as the first parameter, the template will display the bibliography/references list in n columns. This may be useful for compact display for a lengthy list, and matches also the optional capability of {{reflist}} to display output in multiple columns. Thus, {{refbegin|2}} will display the list in two columns. If no integer parameter is specified, the default is a single column. Note, it will rarely be useful or practical to display bibliography/references list entries in more than two columns.
If a value with a unit is supplied as the first parameter, i.e. 30em, the template will display the bibliography/references list in columns with a minimum width of that value, allowing the browser to determine the optimal number of columns. Using {{refbegin|20em}} for instance is useful for short citations.
== References ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite journal |author=Southworth, Jane |author2=Catherine Tucker |date=August 2001|title=The Influence of Accessibility, Local Institutions, and Socioeconomic Factors on Forest Cover Change in the Mountains of Western Honduras |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021%5B0276:TIOALI%5D2.0.CO%3B2 |format=PDF reproduction, BioOne online |journal=Mountain Research and Development |location=Boulder, CO |publisher=International Mountain Society and United Nations University |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=276–283 |doi=10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0276:TIOALI]2.0.CO;2
|issn=0276-4741 |oclc=107067006}}
* {{cite journal |author=Tucker, Catherine M. |author2=Darla K. Munroe |author3=Harini Nagendra |author4=Jane Southworth |date=June 2005|title=Comparative Spatial Analyses of Forest Conservation and Change in Honduras and Guatemala |url=http://www.clas.ufl.edu/lueci/southworth/pubs-as-pdf/cs-3-1_10_jtuckeretal.pdf |format=PDF online open access article distributed under Creative Commons |journal=Conservation and Society |location=New Delhi and London |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=174–200 |issn=0972-4923|oclc=210806013}}
{{refend}}
- References
- Southworth, Jane; Catherine Tucker (August 2001). "The Influence of Accessibility, Local Institutions, and Socioeconomic Factors on Forest Cover Change in the Mountains of Western Honduras" (PDF reproduction, BioOne online). Mountain Research and Development (Boulder, CO: International Mountain Society and United Nations University) 21 (3): 276–283. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0276:TIOALI]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0276-4741. OCLC 107067006. http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021%5B0276:TIOALI%5D2.0.CO%3B2.
- Tucker, Catherine M.; Darla K. Munroe; Harini Nagendra; Jane Southworth (June 2005). "Comparative Spatial Analyses of Forest Conservation and Change in Honduras and Guatemala" (PDF online open access article distributed under Creative Commons). Conservation and Society (New Delhi and London: SAGE Publications) 3 (1): 174–200. ISSN 0972-4923. OCLC 210806013. http://www.clas.ufl.edu/lueci/southworth/pubs-as-pdf/cs-3-1_10_jtuckeretal.pdf.
== References ==
{{refbegin|20em}}
* {{cite journal |author=Southworth, Jane |author2=Catherine Tucker |date=August 2001|title=The Influence of Accessibility, Local Institutions, and Socioeconomic Factors on Forest Cover Change in the Mountains of Western Honduras |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021%5B0276:TIOALI%5D2.0.CO%3B2 |format=PDF reproduction, BioOne online |journal=Mountain Research and Development |location=Boulder, CO |publisher=International Mountain Society and United Nations University |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=276–283 |doi=10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0276:TIOALI]2.0.CO;2
|issn=0276-4741 |oclc=107067006}}
* {{cite journal |author=Tucker, Catherine M. |author2=Darla K. Munroe |author3=Harini Nagendra |author4=Jane Southworth |date=June 2005|title=Comparative Spatial Analyses of Forest Conservation and Change in Honduras and Guatemala |url=http://www.clas.ufl.edu/lueci/southworth/pubs-as-pdf/cs-3-1_10_jtuckeretal.pdf |format=PDF online open access article distributed under Creative Commons |journal=Conservation and Society |location=New Delhi and London |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=174–200 |issn=0972-4923|oclc=210806013}}
{{refend}}
- References
- Southworth, Jane; Catherine Tucker (August 2001). "The Influence of Accessibility, Local Institutions, and Socioeconomic Factors on Forest Cover Change in the Mountains of Western Honduras" (PDF reproduction, BioOne online). Mountain Research and Development (Boulder, CO: International Mountain Society and United Nations University) 21 (3): 276–283. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0276:TIOALI]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0276-4741. OCLC 107067006. http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021%5B0276:TIOALI%5D2.0.CO%3B2.
- Tucker, Catherine M.; Darla K. Munroe; Harini Nagendra; Jane Southworth (June 2005). "Comparative Spatial Analyses of Forest Conservation and Change in Honduras and Guatemala" (PDF online open access article distributed under Creative Commons). Conservation and Society (New Delhi and London: SAGE Publications) 3 (1): 174–200. ISSN 0972-4923. OCLC 210806013. http://www.clas.ufl.edu/lueci/southworth/pubs-as-pdf/cs-3-1_10_jtuckeretal.pdf.
Browser support
[edit source]| Internet Explorer |
Firefox | Safari | Chrome | Opera |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤ 9 | ≤ 1.0 | ≤ 2 | N/A | ≤ 11.0 |
| 10 (2012) |
≥ 1.5 (2005) |
≥ 3 (2007) |
≥ 1 (2008) |
≥ 11.1 (2011) |
Multiple columns are generated by using CSS3, which is still in development; thus only browsers that properly support the multi-column property will show multiple columns. See here for more information.
Option 3: Hanging indentation
[edit source]A hanging indentation may be applied to bibliographies/reference lists by using the |indent= parameter. This option can be useful in long bibliographies/reference lists and in particular when individual entries in the list are long, i.e. they wrap over more than one line in the browser display window. Applying a hanging indent to the list makes it much easier to distinguish the keywords (i.e. normally the authors' names) in the bibliography and makes them stand out from preceding and succeeding lines of text. Hanging indents in bibliographies also form part of several widely used citation style implementations, such as APA, MLA, and Chicago.
In order for indents to display properly, do not use bullet markers (*); you must use indent markers (:) instead.
To use, set {{refbegin|indent=yes}}.
- Examples
a) Using {{refbegin}} with the hanging indent option |indent=yes applied:
==References==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
: {{cite book |author=Dakin, Karen|year=1994|chapter=El náhuatl en el yutoazteca sureño: algunas isoglosas gramaticales y fonológicas|title=Investigaciones lingüísticas en Mesoamérica |series=Estudios sobre Lenguas Americanas, no. 1|editor=Carolyn MacKay and Verónica Vázquez (eds.)|publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas|location=México D.F.|pages=3–86 |isbn=968-36-4055-9 |oclc=34716589}} {{es icon}}
: {{cite conference |author=Flores Farfán, José Antonio |year=2002|title=The Use of Multimedia and the Arts in Language Revitalization, Maintenance, and Development: The Case of the Balsas Nahuas of Guerrero, Mexico |url=http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/ILAC/ILAC_24.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |conference=Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Stabilizing Indigenous Languages (7th, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 11–14, 2000) |booktitle=Indigenous Languages across the Community |editor=Barbara Jane Burnaby |editor2=John Allan Reyhner |location=Flagstaff, AZ |publisher=Center for Excellence in Education, Northern Arizona University |pages=225–236 |isbn=0-9670554-2-3 |oclc=95062129}}
: {{cite book |author=Rincón, Antonio del |year=1885 |origyear=1595 |title=Arte mexicana compuesta por el padre Antonio Del Rincón de la compañia de Jesus: Dirigido al illustrissimo y reverendissimo s. Don Diego Romano obispo de Tlaxcallan, y del consejo de su magestad, &c. En Mexico en casa de Pedro, Balli. 1595 |url=http://storage.lib.uchicago.edu/pres/2005/pres2005-033.pdf |edition=Reprinted 1885 under the care of Dr. Antonio Peñafiel |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] facsimile, University of Chicago Library digital collections|location=México D.F. |publisher=Oficina tip. de la Secretaría de fomento |oclc=162761360 }} {{es icon}}
: {{cite book |author=Voegelin, Charles F.|author2=Florence M. Voegelin |author3=Kenneth L. Hale |year=1962 |title=Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan I: Phonology |format=Supplement to International Journal of American linguistics, vol. 28, no. 1 |series=Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, Memoir 17 |location=Baltimore MD |publisher=Waverly Press |oclc=55576894}}
{{refend}}
- References
- Dakin, Karen (1994). "El náhuatl en el yutoazteca sureño: algunas isoglosas gramaticales y fonológicas". In Carolyn MacKay. Investigaciones lingüísticas en Mesoamérica. Estudios sobre Lenguas Americanas, no. 1. México D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas. pp. 3–86. ISBN 968-36-4055-9. OCLC 34716589. Template:Es icon
- Flores Farfán, José Antonio (2002). Barbara Jane Burnaby; John Allan Reyhner (eds.). The Use of Multimedia and the Arts in Language Revitalization, Maintenance, and Development: The Case of the Balsas Nahuas of Guerrero, Mexico (PDF). Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Stabilizing Indigenous Languages (7th, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 11–14, 2000). Flagstaff, AZ: Center for Excellence in Education, Northern Arizona University. pp. 225–236. ISBN 0-9670554-2-3. OCLC 95062129.
{{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter|booktitle=ignored (help) - Rincón, Antonio del (1885) [1595] (PDF facsimile, University of Chicago Library digital collections). Arte mexicana compuesta por el padre Antonio Del Rincón de la compañia de Jesus: Dirigido al illustrissimo y reverendissimo s. Don Diego Romano obispo de Tlaxcallan, y del consejo de su magestad, &c. En Mexico en casa de Pedro, Balli. 1595 (Reprinted 1885 under the care of Dr. Antonio Peñafiel ed.). México D.F.: Oficina tip. de la Secretaría de fomento. OCLC 162761360. http://storage.lib.uchicago.edu/pres/2005/pres2005-033.pdf. Template:Es icon
- Voegelin, Charles F.; Florence M. Voegelin; Kenneth L. Hale (1962). Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan I: Phonology (Supplement to International Journal of American linguistics, vol. 28, no. 1). Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, Memoir 17. Baltimore MD: Waverly Press. OCLC 55576894.
b) Using indent in combination with multi-column (in this case, n=2) display {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} (note that mutlicolumn only works in some browsers):
==References==
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
: {{cite book |author=Dakin, Karen|year=1994|chapter=El náhuatl en el yutoazteca sureño: algunas isoglosas gramaticales y fonológicas|title=Investigaciones lingüísticas en Mesoamérica |series=Estudios sobre Lenguas Americanas, no. 1|editor=Carolyn MacKay |editor2=Verónica Vázquez |publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas|location=México D.F.|pages=3–86 |isbn=968-36-4055-9 |oclc=34716589}} {{es icon}}
: {{cite conference |author=Flores Farfán, José Antonio |year=2002|title=The Use of Multimedia and the Arts in Language Revitalization, Maintenance, and Development: The Case of the Balsas Nahuas of Guerrero, Mexico |url=http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/ILAC/ILAC_24.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |conference=Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Stabilizing Indigenous Languages (7th, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 11–14, 2000) |booktitle=Indigenous Languages across the Community |editor=Barbara Jane Burnaby |editor2=John Allan Reyhner |location=Flagstaff, AZ |publisher=Center for Excellence in Education, Northern Arizona University |pages=225–236 |isbn=0-9670554-2-3 |oclc=95062129}}
: {{cite book |author=Rincón, Antonio del |year=1885 |origyear=1595 |title=Arte mexicana compuesta por el padre Antonio Del Rincón de la compañia de Jesus: Dirigido al illustrissimo y reverendissimo s. Don Diego Romano obispo de Tlaxcallan, y del consejo de su magestad, &c. En Mexico en casa de Pedro, Balli. 1595 |url=http://storage.lib.uchicago.edu/pres/2005/pres2005-033.pdf |edition=Reprinted 1885 under the care of Dr. Antonio Peñafiel |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] facsimile, University of Chicago Library digital collections|location=México D.F. |publisher=Oficina tip. de la Secretaría de fomento |oclc=162761360 }} {{es icon}}
: {{cite book |author=Voegelin, Charles F.|author2=Florence M. Voegelin |author3=Kenneth L. Hale |year=1962 |title=Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan I: Phonology |format=Supplement to International Journal of American linguistics, vol. 28, no. 1 |series=Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, Memoir 17 |location=Baltimore MD |publisher=Waverly Press |oclc=55576894}}
{{refend}}
- References
- Dakin, Karen (1994). "El náhuatl en el yutoazteca sureño: algunas isoglosas gramaticales y fonológicas". In Carolyn MacKay. Investigaciones lingüísticas en Mesoamérica. Estudios sobre Lenguas Americanas, no. 1. México D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas. pp. 3–86. ISBN 968-36-4055-9. OCLC 34716589. Template:Es icon
- Flores Farfán, José Antonio (2002). Barbara Jane Burnaby; John Allan Reyhner (eds.). The Use of Multimedia and the Arts in Language Revitalization, Maintenance, and Development: The Case of the Balsas Nahuas of Guerrero, Mexico (PDF). Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Stabilizing Indigenous Languages (7th, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 11–14, 2000). Flagstaff, AZ: Center for Excellence in Education, Northern Arizona University. pp. 225–236. ISBN 0-9670554-2-3. OCLC 95062129.
{{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter|booktitle=ignored (help) - Rincón, Antonio del (1885) [1595] (PDF facsimile, University of Chicago Library digital collections). Arte mexicana compuesta por el padre Antonio Del Rincón de la compañia de Jesus: Dirigido al illustrissimo y reverendissimo s. Don Diego Romano obispo de Tlaxcallan, y del consejo de su magestad, &c. En Mexico en casa de Pedro, Balli. 1595 (Reprinted 1885 under the care of Dr. Antonio Peñafiel ed.). México D.F.: Oficina tip. de la Secretaría de fomento. OCLC 162761360. http://storage.lib.uchicago.edu/pres/2005/pres2005-033.pdf. Template:Es icon
- Voegelin, Charles F.; Florence M. Voegelin; Kenneth L. Hale (1962). Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan I: Phonology (Supplement to International Journal of American linguistics, vol. 28, no. 1). Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, Memoir 17. Baltimore MD: Waverly Press. OCLC 55576894.
See also
[edit source]- Other reference and citation formatting templates
- {{reflist}} – Auto-generated listing of footnotes and inline citations