Talk:PlanetPhysics/High Energy Physics

Original TeX Content from PlanetPhysics Archive

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%%% Primary Title: High energy physics
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\begin{document}

 This is a contributed topic on {\em high energy physics}.

\subsection{High energy physics and Particle accelerators}
Because high \htmladdnormallink{energies}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CosmologicalConstant.html} are usually obtained by researchers in large \htmladdnormallink{particle accelerators}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/LargeHadronCollider.html} this important, expensive and intensive branch of physics is often called {\em particle physics}. Some high energy $\gamma$ \htmladdnormallink{particles}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Particle.html} whose origin is in outer space are however also detected at high altitudes on Earth or by detectors mounted on satellites.

\subsection{The Standard Model (SUSY)}
The current model employed by branches of physics other than Gravitation
is summarized by `The Standard Model' which can be described as the current \htmladdnormallink{classification}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/TrivialGroupoid.html} of particles based only on strong, electromagnetic and electroweak interactions, mediated by \htmladdnormallink{field}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CosmologicalConstant.html} particles called {\em gauge bosons}.

\subsection{Gauge bosons}
The gauge bosons corresponding to the above three \htmladdnormallink{types}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Bijective.html} of interactions are:

\begin{itemize}
\item \htmladdnormallink{gluons}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/ExtendedQuantumSymmetries.html} for the \htmladdnormallink{strong interactions}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/QuarkAntiquarkPair.html} \item photons for electromagnetic interactions
\item $W^-$ and $W^+$ and \htmladdnormallink{Z bosons}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/BoseEinsteinStatistics.html} for the electroweak interactions.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Major facilities for high energy physics}

\subsubsection{In the USA:}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Brookhaven National Laboratory, located on Long Island; this is a Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider that collides heavy ions such as gold ions with polarized protons.
\item The ``Tevatron'' at Fermilab, located near Chicago, USA; this is a proton--antiproton collider, at present the second highest energy particle collider in the world.
\item \htmladdnormallink{SLAC}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CosmologicalConstant2.html}, located near Berkeley and Palo Alto, USA, an electron--positron
collider and storage ring.
\end{enumerate}

\subsubsection{In the European Union:}
\begin{enumerate}
\item CERN, located on the French-Swiss border near Geneva, currently operating
the world's higherst energy particle acccelerator--the \htmladdnormallink{large hadron collider}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/LargeHadronCollider.html} (\htmladdnormallink{LHC}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/LargeHadronCollider.html})
\item \htmladdnormallink{SPS}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/LargeHadronCollider.html} at CERN--the ``Super Proton Synchrotron''-precursor of LHC
\item DESY, located in Hamburg, Germany, with the high energy HERA electron (or positron)-- proton collider.
\item ISIS-- the brightest \htmladdnormallink{neutron}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Pions.html} spallation source at the Harwell reactor, near Oxford, in U.K.
\end{enumerate}

\subsubsection{In Japan:}
KEK, located in Tsukuba, Japan, is the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization of Japan.

\subsubsection{In Russia:}
Budker Institute of \htmladdnormallink{nuclear physics}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Cyclotron.html} at Novosibirsk.

\end{document}