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Learning Task

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  • Explore the list of satellite constellations and explain the similarities and differences between those constellations!

List of satellite constellations

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Main resource: w:en:Satellite navigation
Satellite constellations used for navigation
Name Operator Satellites and orbits

(latest design, excluding spares)

Coverage Service(s) Status Years in service
Global Positioning System (GPS) AFSPC 24 in 6 planes at 20,180 km (55° MEO) Global Navigation Operational 1993-
GLONASS Roscosmos 24 in 3 planes at 19,130 km (64°8' MEO) Global Navigation Operational 1995-
Galileo GSA, ESA 24 in 3 planes at 23,222 km (56° MEO) Global Navigation Operational 2019-
BeiDou CNSA 3 geostationary at 35,786 km (GEO)

3 in 3 planes at 35,786 km (55° GSO)

24 in 3 planes at 21,150 km (55° MEO)

Regional

Global

Navigation Operational 2012- (Asia)

2018- (Globally)

NAVIC ISRO 3 geostationary at 35,786 km (GEO)

4 in 2 planes at 250-24,000 km (29° GSO)

Regional Navigation Operational 2018-
QZSS JAXA 1 geostationary at 35,786 km (GEO)

3 in 3 planes at 32,600-39,000 (43° GSO)

Regional Navigation Operational 2018-

Communications satellite constellations

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See also Satellite communication and the Communications Satellite Constellations

Broadcasting

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Monitoring

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Two-way communication

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A number of systems were proposed in the past but never realised:

A number of next-generation telecommunications satellite constellations are in-development:[1]

Proposed satellite internet constellations
Constellation Manufacturer Number Weight Unveil. Avail. Altitude Coverage User speed Band Inter-satellite links Status
Iridium Next Thales Alenia
+ Orbital ATK 		66 860 kg
1,900 lb 		2009 2018 780 km
485 mi 		Global 1.4 Mbit/s L (1 – 2 GHz)
Ka (26.5 – 40 GHz) 		K 23 GHz [2] Complete
Boeing Boeing Satellite 1,396-2,956 N/A 2016 N/A 1,200 km
745 mi 		broadband V (40 – 75 GHz) none [3][4] transferring the application to OneWeb[5]
LeoSat Thales Alenia 78-108 1,250 kg
2,755 lb 		2015 2022 1,400 km
895 mi 		in increments of 100 Mbit/s Ka (26.5 – 40 GHz) optical [6] first launches in 2021[7]
OneWeb constellation OneWeb
Airbus JV 		882-1980[8] 145 kg
320 lb 		2015 2020[9] 1,200 km
745 mi 		up to 595 Mbit/s[9] Ku (12–18 GHz)
Ka (26.5 – 40 GHz) 		none [10][11] 6 pilot satellites in February 2019
Starlink SpaceX 4,425-11,943 227 kg 2015 2020[12] 550-1,325 km
341-823 mi 		up to 1 Gbit/s[13] Ku (12–18 GHz)
Ka (26.5 – 40 GHz) 		optical[14] Two batches of 60 satellites launched in May and November 2019
O3b (SES S.A.) Thales Alenia (O3b)
Boeing (O3bm) 		20 (O3b)
7 (O3bm) 		700 kg (O3b)
1,543 lb 		2008 (O3b)
2017 (O3bm) 		2014 (O3b)
2021 (O3bm) 		8,000 km
4,970 mi 		45°S to 45°N 1 Gbit/s for a cruise ship Ka (26.5 – 40 GHz) none O3b complete

O3bm under development

Telesat LEO Airbus SSTL
SS/Loral[a] 		117-512[15] N/A 2016 2021 1,000–1,248 km
621–775 mi 		fiber-optic cable-like Ka (26.5 – 40 GHz) optical [16][17] two prototypes: 2018 launch
CASIC Hongyun[18] 156 2017 2022 160–2,000 km
99–1,243 mi 		prototype launched in December 2018[19]
CASC Hongyan[20] 320 2017 2023 1,100 km
680 mi 		prototype launched in December 2018[21]
Project Kuiper Kuiper Systems LLC (Amazon) 3236 2019 590 km (784 sats)

610 km (1296 sats)

630 km (1156 sats)

56°S to 56°N[22] FCC filing in July 2019
  1. ↑ first two prototypes

Observational satellite constellations

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See also List of Earth observation satellites.

References

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  1. ↑ Thierry Dubois (Dec 19, 2017). "Eight Satellite Constellations Promising Internet Service From Space". Aviation Week & Space Technology.
  2. ↑ Muri, Paul; McNair, Janise (1 April 2012). "A Survey of Communication Sub-systems for Intersatellite Linked Systems and CubeSat Missions". Journal of Communications 7 (4). doi:10.4304/jcm.7.4.290-308. 
  3. ↑ The Boeing Company (June 22, 2016). "SAT-LOA-20160622-00058". FCC Space Station Applications. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
  4. ↑ The Boeing Company (June 22, 2016). "SAT-LOA-20161115-00109". FCC Space Station Applications. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
  5. ↑ "Boeing wants to help OneWeb satellite plans". Advanced Television. 2017-12-17. Retrieved 2018-10-21.
  6. ↑ LeoSat Enterprises. "A NEW TYPE OF SATELLITE CONSTELLATION". Retrieved February 23, 2018.
  7. ↑ "LeoSat gains Hispasat as second investor, drops demo satellite plans". SpaceNews. 2018-07-10. Retrieved 2018-10-21.
  8. ↑ "OneWeb asks FCC to authorize 1,200 more satellites". SpaceNews. 2018-03-20. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "OneWeb hardware finally coming together". SpaceNews. 3 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  10. ↑ WorldVu Satellites Limited (April 28, 2016). "ONEWEB NON-GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE SYSTEM - ATTACHMENT A". FCC Space Station Applications. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
  11. ↑ WorldVu Satellites Limited (April 28, 2016). "SAT-LOI-20160428-00041". FCC Space Station Applications. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
  12. ↑ "Musk shakes up SpaceX in race to make satellite launch window: sources". Reuters. 30 October 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  13. ↑ "SpaceX Set to Launch 2 Starlink Satellites to Test Gigabit Broadband". ISPreview. 14 February 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  14. ↑ "This is how Elon Musk plans to use SpaceX to give internet to everyone". CNET. 21 February 2018.
  15. ↑ "Telesat says ideal LEO constellation is 292 satellites, but could be 512". SpaceNews. 11 September 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  16. ↑ Telesat Canada (August 24, 2017). "Telesat Technical Narrative". FCC Space Station Applications. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
  17. ↑ Telesat Canada (August 24, 2017). "SAT-PDR-20170301-00023". FCC Space Station Applications. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
  18. ↑ Zhao, Lei (5 March 2018). "Satellite will test plan for communications network". China Daily. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
  19. ↑ Barbosa, Rui C. (21 December 2018). "Chinese Long March 11 launches with the first Hongyun satellite". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  20. ↑ Jones, Andrew (13 November 2018). "China to launch first Hongyan LEO communications constellation satellite soon". GBTimes. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
  21. ↑ Barbosa, Rui (29 December 2018). "Long March 2D concludes 2018 campaign with Hongyan-1 launch". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  22. ↑ Porter, Jon (2019-04-04). "Amazon will launch thousands of satellites to provide internet around the world". The Verge. Retrieved 2019-11-17.
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