Portal:French/Learn French
 |
DÉPARTEMENT DE FRANÇAIS What is French? • Where to start? • FAQ • Help • Browse |
|
| Main Page | Learn French | Topics |
French (français, fʁɑ̃sɛ) is spoken around the world by between 72 and 130 million people as a native language, and by between 190 and 600 million people as a second language, with significant populations of speakers in 54 countries. Most native speakers of the language live in France, where the language originated. The rest live in Canada, Belgium, or one of the other 54 countries in which it is spoken.
French is a descendant of the Latin language of the Roman Empire, as are languages such as Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, Catalan and Romanian. Its development was also influenced by the native Celtic languages of Roman Gaul and by the Germanic language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders.
It is an official language in 31 countries, most of which form what is called in French "La Francophonie": the community of French-speaking nations. It is an official language of all United Nations agencies and a large number of international organizations.
The Introduction to French course briefly covers the following introductory topics to the French language. If you have prior knowledge of French, you can likely skip this course. However, we do encourage everyone to review the Pronunciation Unit which gives a comprehensive overview of French phonology. Mastering the sounds of the French language early on is the surest way of sounding like a native as you develop your language skills.
|
|
Throughout this article, French words embedded in English text will be italicized and English transliterations will be quoted. Approximate IPA pronunciations will be placed between slashes. The reader is expected to have had a basic introduction to the French alphabet but is not expected to know the rules of liaison or the exact circumstances under which consonants are silent.
Attention: French "r" will be broadly transcribed as /r/ in IPA to account for differences in pronunciation across France. The Parisian /ʁ/ can be implied.
French nouns, definite articles, and exercises
French nouns have gender, which means they can be either masculine or feminine, and come in two general forms: singular and plural. The plural is most often marked by the addition of an s to the end of the word: homme (/ɔm/; "man") -> hommes (/ɔm/; "men"). However, due to the nature of French pronunciation, the s is rarely pronounced, although it can affect the pronunciation of the word indirectly.
This introduces much less ambiguity than might be expected, because nouns in French are usually accompanied by another word which changes pronunciation in response to the noun's number. The most fundamental of these is the definite article, which usually accompanies a noun that would otherwise be in isolation. For every single noun in French, you must learn the correct articles with the noun. The definite article "agrees" with the noun in both gender and number:
| masculine | feminine | |
|---|---|---|
| singular | le (/lə/) | la (/la/) |
| plural | les (/le/) | |
Important: In both genders, the singular form of the article is contracted to l' (lower-case L) before vowels and before a silent h: l'homme (/lɔm/; "the man") and l'automobile (/lɔ.tɔ.mɔ.bil/; "the automobile").
While uncommon, some words beginning with H do not allow this elision to occur: la hache (/la aʃ/; the axe).
Notice that the distinction between genders breaks down in the plural, meaning that plural feminine nouns and plural masculine nouns take the same form of the definite article:
| Singular | Plural | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| la maison (/la mɛ.zɔ̃/) | les maisons (/le mɛ.zɔ̃/) | the house, the houses |
| le bras (/lə brɑ/) | les bras (/le brɑ/) | the arm, the arms |
| la pomme (/la pɔm/) | les pommes (/le pɔm/) | the apple, the apples |
| le garçon (/lə gar.sɔ̃/) | les garçons (/le gar.sɔ̃/) | the boy, the boys |
In all of the above examples, the pronunciation of the article is the only audible difference between the plural and singular forms. Also note that the singular can sometimes end with an s, as in le bras. Luckily for most of these words it is sufficient to simply memorize the singular form and remember that words already ending in s do not take another in the plural. We will go over other irregular plurals in the next section.
Exercise 1
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
For the following singular nouns, determine whether they are masculine or feminine based on the article. Then, write the plural forms along with the article. Assume all plurals are regular. Pronunciations and translations are given for reference, and are not part of the exercise. Answers will be given below. Example noun: le magazine (/lə ma.ga.zin/; "magazine") Example answer: masculine; les magazines
|
Exercise 1 answers
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Note (answer 3): Pain can mean "a piece of bread" as well as just "bread": therefore, pains could mean "pieces of bread". Note (answer 9): Although feuille ("leaf", "sheet (of paper)") is feminine, compound nouns are usually masculine: porter (to carry) + feuille (paper sheets) |
Exercise 2
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
For this exercise, you must determine the correct article from the provided gender and noun ending. Watch out for plural nouns as they use a different article. As in the last exercise, pronunciations and translations are given for reference, and are not part of the exercise. Note: In this exercise, masculine, and feminine are abbreviated to m., and f., respectively. Example noun: voisin (/vwa.zɛ̃/; m. sg.; "neighbor") Example answer: le voisin
|
Exercise 2 answers
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Note (answer 8): Another word for "number" is numéro (/ny.me.ro/; masculine). See this Wiktionary entry for usage notes. |
Irregular plurals
There are many nouns in French that form plurals unpredictably. While some are truly irregular, there are several rules that slightly-less-than-regular French nouns follow.
Nouns that end in "eau", "eu", "ou", or "au" generally add -x to form the plural:
| Singular | Plural | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| le chapeau (/lə ʃa.po/) | les chapeaux (/le ʃa.po/) | hat, hats |
| le chou (/lə ʃu/) | les choux (/le ʃu/) | cabbage, cabbages |
| l'eau (/lo/) | les eaux (/le.z‿o/) | water, waters |
| le cheveu (/lə ʃə.vø/) | les cheveux (/le ʃə.vø/) | hair, hairs(note) |
Note: The word "hair" French has a singular and plural form: the former typically refers to a single strand, while the latter typically refers to someone's hair.
Nouns that end in "s", "x", or "z" generally do not change:
| Singular | Plural | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| le bras (/lə brɑ/) | les bras (/le brɑ/) | arm, arms |
| le dos (/lə do/) | les dos (/le do/) | (anatomy) back, backs |
| le nez (/lə ne/) | les nez (/le ne/) | nose, noses |
| la souris (/la su.ri/) | les souris (/le su.ri/) | mouse, mice |
Nouns that end in "-al" generally use "-aux" in the plural.
| Singular | Plural | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| l'animal (/la.ni.mal/) | les animaux (/le.z‿a.ni.mo/) | animal, animals |
| le journal (/lə ʒur.nal/) | les journaux (/le ʒur.no/) | journal, journals; newspaper, newspapers |
| le mal (/lə mal/) | les maux (/le mo/) | trouble, troubles; pain, pains |
| le cheval (/lə ʃə.val/) | les chevaux (/le ʃə.vo/) | horse, horses |
Nouns that end in "-ail" sometimes take "-aux" in the plural, but may form the plural with an "-s".
| Singular | Plural | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| le travail (/lə tra.vaj/) | les travaux (/le tra.vo/) | work, job; jobs |
| le détail (/lə de.taj/) | les détails (/le de.taj/) | detail, details |
| le portail (/lə pɔr.taj/) | les portails (/le pɔr.taj/) | portal, portals; gate, gates |
However, some plural forms are exceptional, such as:
| Singular | Plural | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| le chacal (/lə ʃa.kal/) | les chacals (/le ʃa.kal/) | jackal, jackals |
| le festival (/lə fɛs.ti.val/) | les festivals (/le fɛs.ti.val/) | festival, festivals |
| le sarau (/lə sa.ro/) | les saraus (/le sa.ro/) | smock, smocks; overall, overalls |
| le clou (/lə klu/) | les clous (/le klu/) | (metal) nail, nails; (garlic) clove, cloves |
| le trou (/lə tru/) | les trous (/le tru/) | hole, holes |
| le bleu (/lə blø/) | les bleus (/le blø/) | blue, blues |
| le pneu (/lə pnø/) | les pneus (/le pnø/) | (US) tire, tires; tyre, tyres |
| le ciel (/lə sjɛl/) | les cieux (/le sjø/) | sky, skies; ceiling, ceilings |
| l'aïeul (/la.jœl/) | les aïeux (/le.z‿a.jø/) | ancestor, ancestors |
| l'œil (/lœj/) | les yeux (/le.z‿jø/)(note) | eye, eyes |
Note: This word permits liaison with valid words, even though it begins with a jod ("y"; /j/).
And finally, here are some nouns with regular plurals, but irregular pronunciations:
| Singular | Plural | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| le bœuf (/lə bœf/) | les bœufs (/le bø/) | ox, oxen; beef; cattle |
| l'œuf (/lœf/) | les œufs (/le.z‿ø/) | egg, eggs |
| l'os (/lɔs/) | les os (/le.z‿o/) | bone, bones |
Indefinite and partitive articles
The French indefinite article is analogous to the English indefinite article "a/an". One important difference is that while in English the indefinite article does not occur before plurals, the French indefinite article has a plural form. The plural form can often be translated as "some".
| Masculine | Feminine | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | un (/œ̃/) | une (/yn/) |
| Plural | des (/de/) | |
Examples: une carotte (/yn karɔt/; "a carrot"), des amis (/de.z‿a.mi/; "(some) friends"), un livre (/œ̃ livr/; "a book"), un ours (/œ̃.n‿urs/; "a bear").
The French partitive article is used to denote some amount of an uncountable noun. It is translated as "some" in English, but is often omitted.
| Masculine | Feminine | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | du (/dy/) | de la (/də la/) |
| Plural | des (/de/) | |
Just like the definite article, the partitive article has a different form before vowels and a silent H: de l'.
Examples: du café (/dy ka.fe/; "(some) coffee"), de la bière (/də la bjɛr/; "(some) beer"), de l'argent (/də lar.ʒɑ̃/; "(some) money").
Personal pronouns and regular present tense conjugations
French verbs must agree with their subject. The subject is the noun that performs the action of the verb. The French pronouns correspond roughly to the English pronouns "I", "you", "he", "she", "we", and "they", but there is also a formal "you" that is used when speaking directly to someone respectfully. The French formal "you" is also used as a plural "you", regardless of formality. Verbs take different forms depending on which pronoun, if any, is their subject. Here are the French pronouns:
| singular | plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | |
| 1st person | je (/ʒə/) "I" | nous (/nu/) "we" | ||
| 2nd person | tu (/ty/) "you" | vous (/vu/) "you (formal)" | ||
| 3rd person | il /il/ "he/it" | elle /ɛl/ "she" | ils /il/ "they" | elles /ɛl/ "they" |
Notice that the third person pronouns are not distinguishable for number (singular or plural) in speech; in other words, il and ils are pronounced the same, and so are elle and elles.
Let's look at these few sentences. The main verb of the sentence is in bold:
| Sentence | Pronunciation | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Je connais cet homme | /ʒə kɔ.nɛ sɛ.t‿ɔm/ | I know that man |
| Tu sais ce qu'il a | /ty sɛ s‿kil a/ | You know what he has |
| Elle parle trop vite | /ɛl parl tro vit/ | She speaks too quickly |
| Nous achetons du café | /nu.z‿aʃ.tɔ̃ dy kafe/ | We're buying some coffee |
| Vous courez chaque jour | /vu ku.re ʃak ʒur/ | You run every day |
| Ils tombent du ciel | /il tɔ̃b dy sjɛl/ | They are falling from the sky.(note) |
Note: In verbs such as "tombent", the final "-ent" is silent.
Verbs come in several different groups depending on their endings in the infinitive. The first group ends in -er(note), the second ends in -ir, and the third ends in -re. The third group is really a catch-all group for verbs that do not fit into either of the other groups. In each case, when a verb is in the present tense the infinitive ending is removed to leave the verb stem, and then an ending based on the number and person of the verb's subject is added to the stem.
Note: Every single verb that ends with "-er" is in the first group, except for "aller", which is an irregular third group verb.
For example, when conjugating the verb souffler /sufle/ "to blow (out)" for the subject Jean /ʒɑ̃/ "John" the infinitive ending (-er) is first removed, leaving souffl-. Then, the -er verbs' ending for 3rd person singular (because Jean is 3rd person singular) is added to the stem to make souffle. Following are the endings that most verbs take in the present tense based on their infinitive ending.
Present conjugation of "-er"
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -e (/∅/) | -ons (/ɔ̃/) |
| 2nd | -es (/∅/) | -ez (/e/) |
| 3rd | -e (/∅/) | -ent (/∅/) |
Present conjugation of "-ir"
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -is (/i/ | -issons (/isɔ̃/) |
| 2nd | -is (/i/ | -issez (/ise/) |
| 3rd | -it (/i/ | -issent (/is/) |
Many "-ir" verbs do not take the "-iss-" interfix of the plural endings or the "-i-" of the singular endings, but are typically conjugated normally. These include dormir (/dɔr.mir/; "to sleep"; loses the "m" in the singular), partir (/par.tir/; "to leave"; which loses the "t" of the stem in the singular), and sortir (/sɔr.tir/; "to take out, to go out") (which also loses the "t").
Also, watch out for verbs ending in "-oir" or "-enir", which generally do not conjugate like regular "-ir" verbs.
Infinitives in -re
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -s (/∅/) | -ons (/ɔ̃/) |
| 2nd | -s (/∅/) | -ez (/e/) |
| 3rd | - | -ent (/∅/) |
Apart from ending in "-ir" instead of "-re", many of the slightly-irregular "-ir" verbs mentioned earlier (such as dormir, partir, etc.) fit perfectly into this class.
Exercise 3
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Conjugate the following verbs in the present tense for the provided pronoun. The pronunciations and meanings are given for reference, they are not part of the exercise: Example verb: choisir (/ʃwa.zir/; "to choose") to agree with "tu". Example answer: (Tu) choisis
|
Exercise 3 answers
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Exercise 4
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Write the corresponding subject pronouns for each of the following conjugated verbs. Note that all verbs are translated into English as the infinitive for fidelity. Example verb: mangeons (/mɑ̃.ʒɔ̃/; "eat") Example answer: nous
|
Exercise 4 answers
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Object pronouns and simple sentences
In French, pronouns take different forms depending on the role they play in relation to the verb, like in English. The object of a sentence is the noun that is acted upon. In simple English sentences, the object follows the verb. In the following examples, the object(s) is/are bold:
| Anthony eats a pastry. | Anton mange une pâtisserie. | /ɑ̃tɔ̃ mɑ̃ʒ yn pɑ.ti.sri/ |
| They like blue. | Ils aiment le bleu. | /il.z‿ɛm lə blø/ |
| She put a candle on the table. | Elle a mis une bougie sur la table. | /ɛl ɑ mi yn bu.ʒi syr la tabl/ |
In French, forming a sentence with an object may be a little more strange for speakers of English, but will be familiar to speakers of most other Romance languages such as Spanish or Italian. When the object is a noun like le micro-ondes (/lə mi.kro.ɔ̃d/; "the microwave") or la Tour Eiffel (/lə tu.r‿ɛ.fɛl/; "the Eiffel Tower"), the object always goes after the verb; but when the object is a pronoun like me (/mə/; "me"; the object form of je (/ʒə/; "I")) or nous (/nu/; "us"), it goes between the subject and the verb. The following is a chart with the object forms of the subject pronouns:
| Subject | Direct Object | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| je (/ʒə/) | me (/mə/) "me" | I, me |
| tu (/ty/) | te (/tə/) | you |
| il (/il/) | le (/lə/) | it (m.); he, him |
| elle (/ɛl/) | la (/la/) | it (f.); she, her |
| nous (/nu/) | nous (/nu/) | we, us |
| vous (/vu/) | vous (/vu/) | you (plural and/or formal) |
| ils (/il/) | les (/le/) | they, them (m.) |
| elles (/ɛl/) | les (/le/) | they, them (.) |
- Before vowels, me, te, le, and la are elided to m', t', l', and l', respectively; similarly to je.
Notice that the object third-person gender distinction breaks down in the plural but not in the singular, i.e. les can be feminine or masculine whereas le is masculine and la is feminine. Also, notice that nous and vous have the same object form.
Here are some examples, with the object in bold:
| Phrase | Pronunciation | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Je t'aime | /ʒə t‿ɛm/ | I love you |
| Ils nous suivent | /il nu sɥiv/ | They follow us |
| Tu les appelles | /ty le.z‿a.pɛl/ | You are calling them |
Reflexive pronouns
In English, when the subject and object are the same, we use a reflexive form, which ends in "-self"; such as "myself", and "herself".
Some verbs in French must have a reflexive pronoun, such as "souvenir".
Here are some final examples:
| Sentence | Pronunciation | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Je me souviens de ma mère | /ʒə m(ə) su.vjɛ̃ də ma mɛr/ | I remember my mother |
| Tu peux te voir ? | /ty pø tə vwa/ | Can you see yourself? |
| Se tuera-t-il ? | sə ty.ra til | Will he kill himself? |
- Don't worry if you don't understand reflexive verbs or inversions, as these are explained later in the course.
The following courses have been created by members of the French Division and are unique in their method and scope.
- Learning the Basics of French (unmaintained)
- La Littérature du 18e siècle
July 3rd, 2012
- Department of French begins major renovation.
 Wikiversité:French-related tasks
Here are some French related tasks you can do: |