PlanetPhysics/Coordinates of a Point

The position of a moving particle may be given at any time by giving its rectangular coordinates $x,y,z$ referred to a set of rectangular axes fixed in space. It may be given equally well by giving the values of any three specified functions of $x,y,x$, if from the values in question the corresponding values of $x,y,z$ may be obtained uniquely. These functions may be used as coordinates of the point, and the values of $x,y,z$ expressed explicitly in terms of them serve as formulas for transformation from the rectangular system to the new system. Familiar examples are polar coordinates in a plane, cylindrical and spherical coordinates in space, the formulas for transformation of coordinates being

transformation from rectangular to polar coordinates

$x=r\cos \phi$ $y=r\sin \phi$

transformation from rectangular to cylindrical coordinates

$x=r\cos \phi$ $y=r\sin \phi$ $z=z$

transformation from rectangular to spherical coordinates

$x=r\cos \theta$ $y=r\sin \theta \cos \phi$ $z=r\sin \theta \sin \phi$

It is clear that the number of possible systems of coordinates in unlimited. It is also clear that if the point is unrestricted in its motion, three coordinates are required to determine it. If it is restricted to moving in a plane, since that plane may be taken as one of the rectangular coordinate planes, two coordinates are required.

The number of independent coordinates required to fix the position of a particle moving under any given conditions is called the number of degrees of freedom of the particle, and is equal to the number of independent conditions required to fix the point.

Obviously these coordinates must be numerous enough to fix the position without ambiguity and not so numerous as to render it impossible to change any one at pleasure without changing any of the others and without violating the restrictions of the problem.