Physical constant (anomaly)

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Anomalies within the dimensioned physical constants (G, h, c, e, me, kB) suggest a mathematical relationship linking the units (kg, m, s, A, K).


A dimensioned physical constant, sometimes denoted a fundamental physical constant, is a physical quantity that is generally believed to be both universal in nature and have constant value in time. Common examples being the speed of light c, the gravitational constant G, the Planck constant h and the elementary charge e. These constants are usually measured in terms of SI units mass (kilogram), length (meter), time (second), charge (ampere), temperature (Kelvin) ... (kg, m, s, A, K ...).

These constants form the scaffolding around which the theories of physics are erected, and they define the fabric of our universe, but science has no idea why they take the special numerical values that they do, for these constants follow no discernible pattern. The desire to explain the constants has been one of the driving forces behind efforts to develop a complete unified description of nature, or "theory of everything". Physicists have hoped that such a theory would show that each of the constants of nature could have only one logically possible value. It would reveal an underlying order to the seeming arbitrariness of nature [1].

Notably a physical universe, as opposed to a mathematical universe (a computer simulation), has as a fundamental premise the concept that the universe scaffolding (of mass, space and time) exists, that somehow mass is, space is, time is ... these dimensions are real, and independent of each other ... we cannot measure distance in kilograms and amperes, or mass using length and temperature. The 2019 redefinition of SI base units resulted in 4 physical constants (h, c, e, kB) having independently assigned exact values (they cannot be derived in terms of each other), and this confirmed the independence of their associated SI units as shown in this table.

2019 redefinition of SI base units
constant SI units
Speed of light c
Planck constant h
Elementary charge e
Boltzmann constant kB


However there are anomalies which occur in certain combinations of the physical constants (G, h, c, e, me, kB) which suggest a mathematical relationship between the units (kg, m, s, A, K) [2]. In order for the dimensioned physical constants to be fundamental, the units must be independent of each other, there cannot be a unit number relationship ... however these anomalies question this fundamental assumption. Every combination predicted by the model returns an answer consistent with CODATA precision. Statistically therefore, can these anomalies be dismissed as coincidence?



Anomalies[edit | edit source]

We can define this relationship between the units by assigning a number θ to each unit. [3]. For example, the number assigned to the kg is 15.

Table 1. unit relationship
attribute unit number θ SI equivalent
(mass) 15 kg
(time) -30 s
(velocity) 17 m/s
(length) -13 m
(ampere) 3 A
(temperature) 20 K


Planck units[edit | edit source]

The Planck units are direct measures of the SI units; Planck mass in kg, Planck length in m, Planck time in s ... and so they are analogues to the attributes in the above table. The SI Planck units have numerical values, however to derive a mathematical relation between these SI units we cannot use numerical values, this is because numerical values are simply dimensionless frequencies of the SI unit, 299792458 could refer to the speed of light 299792458m/s or equally the number of apples in a container, numbers such as 299792458 carry no unit-specific information and so the units are treated as independent by default.

This can be resolved by assigning to each Planck unit a geometrical object (denoted MLTVA), and for which the geometry embeds the attribute (for example, the geometry of the time object T embeds the function time and so a descriptive s is not required). We may then combine these objects to form more complex objects; from electrons to galaxies, while still retaining the underlying attributes (of mass, wavelength, frequency …). As this particular geometrical approach requires that the objects be interrelated (they are not independent of each other), a unit number relationship hypothesis can be tested. This is because, if there are natural Planck objects, then these MLTVA objects will be embedded within our dimensioned SI physical constants.


Table 2. is an example of object orientated units; it assigns MLTA objects as the geometry of 2 dimensionless physical constants; the Sommerfeld fine structure constant alpha and Omega. As alpha and Omega are dimensionless (alpha = 137.035999084, Omega = 2.0071349496), so too are these objects.

Table 2. MLTVA Geometrical objects
attribute geometrical object numerical value
mass 1
time 3.14159265358...
velocity 25.3123819353...
length 79.5211931328...
ampere 234.18260736...


Table 3. Physical constant unit numbers
SI constant geometrical analogue unit number θ
Speed of light c* = V 17
Planck constant 15+17-13=19
Gravitational constant 34-13-15=6
Elementary charge 3-30=-27
Boltzmann constant 17+15-3=29
Vacuum permeability 34+15+13-6=56


As Alpha and Omega can have (dimensionless) numerical values, we can use dimensioned numerical scalars to convert from the MLTVA objects to their SI equivalents.

For example, we can use scalar v to convert from dimensionless geometrical object V to dimensioned c.

scalar vSI = 11843707.905 m/s gives c = V*vSI = 25.3123819 * 11843707.905 m/s = 299792458 m/s (SI units)
scalar vimp = 7359.3232155 miles/s gives c = V*vimp = 186282 miles/s (imperial units)


As scalar v carries the unit designation m/s (v = 11843707.905 m/s), scalar v is dimensioned, and so we can assign a unit number to v (θ = 17).

Table 4. Scalars
attribute geometrical object scalar
mass k (θ = 15)
time t (θ = -30)
velocity v (θ = 17)
length l (θ = -13)
ampere a (θ = 3)


As this unit number relationship is expressed within the scalars (included in formulas as unit = uθ), we need only 2 scalars to define the others, for example if we know the numerical values for a and l then we know the numerical value for t (a3l3/t = 1 and so a3l3 = t), and from l and t we know k … and so we can solve the SI Planck units (α and Ω have fixed values), and from these, we can solve (G, h, c, e, me, kB).

Once any 2 scalars have been assigned values, the other scalars are then defined by default, consequently the CODATA 2014 values are used here as only 2 constants (c, μ0) are assigned exact values, following the 2019 redefinition of SI base units 4 constants have been independently assigned exact values which is problematic in terms of this model. Here the attributes are defined in terms of 2 scalars; from c is v (θ = 17), and from μ0 is r (θ = 8).

Table 5. Geometrical objects
attribute geometrical object unit number θ scalar r(8), v(17)
mass 15 = 8*4-17
time -30 = 8*9-17*6
velocity 17 v
length -13 = 8*9-17*5
ampere 3 = 17*3-8*6


Table 6. Comparison θ; SI units and scalars
constant θ from SI units MLTVA θ from r(8), v(17)
c (-13+30 = 17) c* = 17
h (15-26+30=19) h* = 8*13-17*5=19
G (-39-15+60=6) G* = 8*5-17*2=6
e (3-30=-27) e* = 8*3-17*3=-27
kB (15-26+60-20=29) kB* = 8*10-17*3=29
μ0 (15-13+60-6=56) μ0* = 8*7=56





Calculating from (α, Ω)[edit | edit source]

If we can reduce the 5 SI units to 2 scalars (example; r, v in tables 5, 6), then we can find combinations of the physical constants (G, h, c, e, me, kB) where the unit numbers θ and the scalars will cancel, these combinations, which are unit-less (units = 1), will then return the same numerical value as the MLTVA object equivalents. This is because if the scalars have cancelled, and as the scalars embed the SI conversion values as well as the SI units, then these combinations are defaulting to the underlying MLTVA objects (the SI component has cancelled).

This should therefore apply to any set of units, even extraterrestrial and non-human ones, suggesting that these MLTVA objects could be 'natural' units.

...ihre Bedeutung für alle Zeiten und für alle, auch außerirdische und außermenschliche Kulturen notwendig behalten und welche daher als »natürliche Maßeinheiten« bezeichnet werden können...

...These necessarily retain their meaning for all times and for all civilizations, even extraterrestrial and non-human ones, and can therefore be designated as "natural units"... -Max Planck [4][5]


For example;

0.228 473 759... 10-58
0.228 473 639... 10-58


Here we solve physical constant combinations using only α, Ω (and the mathematical constants 2, 3, π). As the scalars (v, r) have cancelled, we do not need to know their values or the units. The precision of the results depends on the precision of the SI constants; combinations with G and kB return the least precise values.

Note: the geometry  (integer n ≥ 0) is common to all ratios where units and scalars cancel


Table 7. Dimensionless combinations (α, Ω)
CODATA 2014 (mean) (α, Ω) units uΘ = 1 scalars = 1
1.000 8254 = 1.0
0.228 473 639... 10-58 0.228 473 759... 10-58
0.326 103 528 6170... 10301 0.326 103 528 6170... 10301
0.170 514 342... 1092 0.170 514 368... 1092
73 095 507 858. 73 035 235 897.
3.376 716 3.381 506





Calculating from (α, Ω, v, r)[edit | edit source]

Using α, Ω and the CODATA 2014 SI values/units for scalars v (θ=17), r (θ=8).


Table 8. Dimensioned constants (α, Ω, v, r)
constant geometrical object calculated (α, Ω, r, v) CODATA 2014 [6]
Planck constant 6.626 069 134 e-34, u19 6.626 070 040(81) e-34
Gravitational constant 6.672 497 192 29 e11, u6 6.674 08(31) e-11
Elementary charge 1.602 176 511 30 e-19, u-27 1.602 176 620 8(98) e-19
Boltzmann constant 1.379 510 147 52 e-23, u29 1.380 648 52(79) e-23
Vacuum permeability 4π/10^7, u56 4π/10^7 (exact)





Calculating from (α)[edit | edit source]

Combinations which reduce to the dimensionless (no scalars or units) fine structure constant. For example;


Table 9. fine structure constant
CODATA 2014 geometrical (α)
137.035 999 139(31)
137.133 167 47
137.054 833 44
137.119 576 89






Calculating the electron[edit | edit source]

The electron is an example of a combination that is dimensionless (units = scalars = 1). The electron function (the mathematical formula for the electron) fe can be defined, for example, in terms of ALT where AL as an ampere-meter (ampere-length = e*c) are the units for a magnetic monopole.

(unit-less)


Electron parameters[edit | edit source]

Associated with the electron are dimensioned parameters, these parameters however are a function of the base MLTVA units, the formula fe dictating the frequency of these units. By setting MLTVA to their SI Planck unit equivalents;

electron mass (M = Planck mass) = 0.910 938 232 11 e-30

electron wavelength (L = Planck length) = 0.242 631 023 86 e-11

elementary charge (T = Planck time) = 0.160 217 651 30 e-18

Rydberg constant = 10 973 731.568 508





Calculating from (c, R, μ0, α)[edit | edit source]

By matching the unit numbers we can numerically solve the least precise dimensioned physical constants (G, h, e, me, kB ...) using the 3 most precise (CODATA 2014); speed of light c (exact value), vacuum permeability μ0 (exact value), Rydberg constant R (12-13 digits) and the dimensionless fine structure constant alpha.

R = 10973731.568508 (θ=13)

c = 299792458 (θ=17)

μ0 = 4π/107 (θ=56)

α = 137.035999139 (θ=0)


For example



Table 10. R, c, μ0, α ... (CODATA 2014 mean)
constant formula* calculated θ CODATA 2014 [7] Units
Planck constant h* = 6.626 069 134 e-34 , 15*3-3*6+30 = 57 h = 6.626 070 040(81) e-34 , θ = 15-13*2+30 = 19
Gravitational constant G* = 6.672 497 192 29 e11 , 15-13*3-3*2+30*2 = 30 G = 6.674 08(31) e-11 , θ = -13*3-15+30*2 = 6
Elementary charge e* = 1.602 176 511 30 e-19 , -30*4+13*3 = -81 e = 1.602 176 620 8(98) e-19 , θ = 3-30 = -27
Boltzmann constant kB* = 1.379 510 147 52 e-23 , 15*3+30*2-3*6 = 87 kB = 1.380 648 52(79) e-23 , θ = 15-26+60-20 = 29
Electron mass me* = 9.109 382 312 56 e-31, u = 15 , 15*3-30*2+13*6-3*6 = 45 me = 9.109 383 56(11) e-31 , θ = 15
1.0 , 13*2-3*2-20 = 0 5kB/(27α6e2mec4) = 1.000 825 , θ = 0
Gyromagnetic ratio e*/2π) = 28024.953 55 , -13*3-30*2+3*6-15*3 = -126 γe/2π = 28024.951 64(17) , θ = -42
Planck length lp* = 0.161 603 660 096 e-34 , 15*9-30*17+13*18-3*18 = -195 lp = 0.161 622 9(38) e-34 , θ = -13
Planck mass mP* = 0.217 672 817 580 e-7 u = , 15*6-13*3+30*7-3*12 = 225 mP = 0.217 647 0(51) e-7 , θ = 15
1.0 , -13*4-15*3+30*4-3-20 = 0 211π3G2kB/(α2hc2emP) = 1.001 418 , θ = 0






Table of constants (i, xθ, y)[edit | edit source]

Constants in ascending order (θ) in terms of these 3 geometries


-x as the base unit (θ = 1, scalars > 1)

, units = (θ = -13 -15 +30 = 2/2 = 1)


-y (θ = 0, scalars > 1) defines the numerical limit to the constants (depending on the system of units used)

, units = (θ = 15*2 -30 = 0)


-i as a dimensionless constant (θ = 0, scalars = 0)

, units = (θ = -13*15 -15*9 +11*30 = 0, scalars have cancelled)


Table 11. Table of Constants
Constant θ Geometrical object (α, Ω, v, r) Unit Calculated CODATA 2014
Time (Planck) T = 5.390 517 866 e-44 tp = 5.391 247(60) e-44
Elementary charge e* = 1.602 176 511 30 e-19 e = 1.602 176 620 8(98) e-19
Planck constant h* = 6.626 069 134 e-34 h = 6.626 070 040(81) e-34
Length (Planck) L = 0.161 603 660 096 e-34 lp = 0.161 622 9(38) e-34
Gravitational constant G* = 6.672 497 192 29 e1 G = 6.674 08(31) e-11
Ampere A = 0.297 221 e25 e/tp = 0.297 181 e25
Mass (Planck) M = .217 672 817 580 e-7 mP = .217 647 0(51) e-7
sqrt(momentum)
Velocity V = 299 792 458 c = 299 792 458
Planck temperature Tp* = 1.418 145 219 e32 Tp = 1.416 784(16) e32
Boltzmann constant kB* = 1.379 510 147 52 e-23 kB = 1.380 648 52(79) e-23
Vacuum permeability μ0* = 4π/10^7 μ0 = 4π/10^7






External links[edit | edit source]


References[edit | edit source]

  1. J. Barrow, J. Webb "Inconsistent constants". Scientific American 292: 56. 2005. 
  2. Macleod, M.J. "Programming Planck units from a mathematical electron; a Simulation Hypothesis". Eur. Phys. J. Plus 113: 278. 22 March 2018. doi:10.1140/epjp/i2018-12094-x. 
  3. Are these physical constant anomalies evidence of a mathematical relation between the SI units?. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.15874.15041/6. "
  4. Planck (1899), p. 479.
  5. *Tomilin, K. A., 1999, "Natural Systems of Units: To the Centenary Anniversary of the Planck System", 287–296.
  6. [1] | CODATA, The Committee on Data for Science and Technology | (2014)
  7. [2] | CODATA, The Committee on Data for Science and Technology | (2014)