Permuation matrix/3-cycle/Characteristic polynomial/Coprime factorization/Direct sum/Example

We consider the permutation matrix

${\begin{pmatrix}0&0&1\\1&0&0\\0&1&0\end{pmatrix}}$

over ${}\mathbb {R}$, the characteristic polynomial is

${}\chi _{M}=X^{3}-1=(X-1){\left(X^{2}+X+1\right)}=P\cdot Q\,,$

where the two factors are coprime. We want to check fact in this example. We have

${}P(M)=M-E_{3}={\begin{pmatrix}-1&0&1\\1&-1&0\\0&1&-1\end{pmatrix}}\,$

with

${}\operatorname {kern} P(M)=\operatorname {Eig} _{1}{\left(M\right)}=\mathbb {R} {\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}}\,,$

and

${}Q(M)={\begin{pmatrix}0&1&0\\0&0&1\\1&0&0\end{pmatrix}}+{\begin{pmatrix}0&0&1\\1&0&0\\0&1&0\end{pmatrix}}+{\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0\\0&1&0\\0&0&1\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}1&1&1\\1&1&1\\1&1&1\end{pmatrix}}\,$

with

${}\operatorname {kern} Q(M)=\langle {\begin{pmatrix}1\\-1\\0\end{pmatrix}},{\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\\-1\end{pmatrix}}\rangle \,.$

We have

${}\mathbb {R} ^{3}=\mathbb {R} {\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}}\oplus \langle {\begin{pmatrix}1\\-1\\0\end{pmatrix}},{\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\\-1\end{pmatrix}}\rangle \,.$

Moreover, we have

${}{\begin{aligned}P(M){\begin{pmatrix}1\\-1\\0\end{pmatrix}}&={\begin{pmatrix}-1&0&1\\1&-1&0\\0&1&-1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\-1\\0\end{pmatrix}}\\&={\begin{pmatrix}-1\\2\\-1\end{pmatrix}}\\&=-{\begin{pmatrix}1\\-1\\0\end{pmatrix}}+{\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\\-1\end{pmatrix}}\end{aligned}}$

and

${}{\begin{aligned}P(M){\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\\-1\end{pmatrix}}&={\begin{pmatrix}-1&0&1\\1&-1&0\\0&1&-1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\\-1\end{pmatrix}}\\&={\begin{pmatrix}-1\\-1\\2\end{pmatrix}}\\&=-{\begin{pmatrix}1\\-1\\0\end{pmatrix}}-2{\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\\-1\end{pmatrix}}.\end{aligned}}$

From this, we can read off that the restriction of ${}P(M)$ to ${}\operatorname {kern} Q(M)$ is bijective. The representation of the ${}1$ from example yields the matrix equation

${}{\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0\\0&1&0\\0&0&1\end{pmatrix}}={\frac {1}{3}}{\begin{pmatrix}1&1&1\\1&1&1\\1&1&1\end{pmatrix}}-{\frac {1}{3}}{\begin{pmatrix}2&0&1\\1&2&0\\0&1&2\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}-1&0&1\\1&-1&0\\0&1&-1\end{pmatrix}}\,.$