# Numerical Analysis/Order of RK methods/Implicit RK2 on an Autonomous ODE

We consider an autonomous initial value ODEString Module Error: function rep expects a number as second parameter, received "

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${\displaystyle y'(t)=f(y(t))\quad {\text{with}}\quad y(t_{0})=y_{0}\,.}$

(ODE)

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gives the implicit Runge-Kutta methodString Module Error: function rep expects a number as second parameter, received "

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${\displaystyle y_{n+1}=y_{n}+{\frac {h}{2}}\left(f(y_{n})+f(y_{n+1})\right)\,.}$

(method)

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We will show that (method ) is second order.

Expanding the true solution ${\displaystyle y(t_{n}+h)}$ about ${\displaystyle t_{n}}$ using Taylor series, we have

${\displaystyle y(t_{n}+h)=y(t_{n})+hy'(t_{n})+{\frac {h^{2}}{2}}y''(t_{n})+{\frac {h^{3}}{3!}}y'''(t_{n})+O(h^{4})\,.}$

Since ${\displaystyle y(t)}$ satisfies (ODE

), we can substitute ${\displaystyle y'(t)=f(y(t))}$ and obtainString Module Error: function rep expects a number as second parameter, received "

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${\displaystyle y(t_{n}+h)=y(t_{n})+hf(y(t_{n}))+{\frac {h^{2}}{2}}f'(y(t_{n}))f(y(t_{n}))+{\frac {h^{3}}{3!}}\left[f''(y(t_{n}))(f(y(t_{n})))^{2}+(f'(y(t_{n})))^{2}f(y(t_{n}))\right]+O(h^{4})\,.}$

(true)

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In (method ) we can assume ${\displaystyle y_{n}=y(t_{n})}$ since that is the previous data. Subtracting (method ) from (true

) gives us the local truncation errorString Module Error: function rep expects a number as second parameter, received "

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${\displaystyle y(t_{n}+h)-y_{n+1}={\frac {h}{2}}\left[f(y(t_{n}))-f(y_{n+1})\right]+{\frac {h^{2}}{2}}f'(y(t_{n}))f(y(t_{n}))+{\frac {h^{3}}{3!}}\left[f''(y(t_{n}))(f(y(t_{n})))^{2}+(f'(y(t_{n})))^{2}f(y(t_{n}))\right]+O(h^{4})\,.}$

(error1)

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In order to cancel more terms we need to expand ${\displaystyle f(y_{n+1})}$. However, ${\displaystyle y_{n+1}\not =y(t_{n}+h)}$ so we cannot do a regular Taylor expansion. Instead we can plug (method

) back into ${\displaystyle f}$ and then do a Taylor expansion to obtainString Module Error: function rep expects a number as second parameter, received "

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{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}f(y_{n+1})&=f\left(y(t_{n})+{\frac {h}{2}}\left(f(y(t_{n}))+f(y_{n+1})\right)\right)\\&=f(y(t_{n}))+{\frac {h}{2}}\left(f(y(t_{n}))+f(y_{n+1})\right)f'(y(t_{n}))+{\frac {h^{2}}{8}}\left(f(y(t_{n}))+f(y_{n+1})\right)^{2}f''(y(t_{n}))+O(h^{3})\,.\end{aligned}}}

(implicit)

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Substituting (implicit ) into (error1

) yieldsString Module Error: function rep expects a number as second parameter, received "

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${\displaystyle {\frac {h^{2}}{4}}f'(y(t_{n}))\left[f(y(t_{n}))-f(y_{n+1})\right]+{\frac {-h^{3}}{16}}\left(f(y(t_{n}))+f(y_{n+1})\right)^{2}f''(y(t_{n}))+{\frac {h^{3}}{3!}}\left[f''(y(t_{n}))(f(y(t_{n})))^{2}+(f'(y(t_{n})))^{2}f(y(t_{n}))\right]+O(h^{4})\,.}$

(error2)

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This substitution was productive since the ${\displaystyle h}$ terms canceled. We can do this trick again, but this time only need (implicit ) up to ${\displaystyle O(h^{2})}$ since everything will be multiplied by at least ${\displaystyle h^{2}}$ and this can go into the ${\displaystyle O(h^{4})}$. Substituting (implicit ) in for the first occurance of ${\displaystyle f(y_{n+1})}$ in (error2

) yieldsString Module Error: function rep expects a number as second parameter, received "

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${\displaystyle {\frac {h^{3}}{2}}\left\{f''(y(t_{n}))\left[{\frac {1}{3}}(f(y(t_{n})))^{2}+{\frac {-1}{8}}\left(f(y(t_{n}))+f(y_{n+1})\right)^{2}\right]+(f'(y(t_{n})))^{2}\left[{\frac {1}{3}}f(y(t_{n}))+{\frac {-1}{4}}\left(f(y(t_{n}))+f(y_{n+1})\right)\right]\right\}+O(h^{4})\,.}$

(error3)

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This substitution was productive since the ${\displaystyle h^{2}}$ terms canceled. We can do this again, now truncating (implicit ) at ${\displaystyle O(h)}$. Substituting (implicit ) into (error3 ) yields

${\displaystyle {\frac {-h^{3}}{12}}\left\{f''(y(t_{n}))(f(y(t_{n})))^{2}+(f'(y(t_{n})))^{2}f(y(t_{n}))\right\}+O(h^{4})\,.}$

Since the ${\displaystyle h^{3}}$ term does not cancel, we have shown that the local truncation error is ${\displaystyle O(h^{3})}$ and thus the method is order 2.