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Nonlinear finite elements/Weak form of heat equation

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Weak form of the heat equation

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Let us now derive the weak form of the model of heat conduction in equations (16). It is more convenient to use the form of the governing equation given in equation (10). The equation is

Let be the space of weighting functions (or test functions). Then any () is continuously differentiable. The weighting functions also satisfy on . Recall that we called a similar set of functions in our discussion of the Poisson problem. We can write

Let be the set of trial solutions. Then any trial function has to satisfy the essential boundary conditions on . This is written as

To get the weak form, we multiply the governing equation by the weighting function and integrate over the volume to get

The second term in the equation has second-order derivatives. We will convert these into first order derivatives using the divergence theorem and the identity

From the identity we get

Substitute (29) into the second term in (28) to get

Apply the divergence theorem to the first term on the right hand side of (30). You will get

where is the unit outward normal to the boundary .

Since on , equation (31) becomes

Substitute (31) into (30) and (30) back into (28). You will get

After rearrangement, we get the exact weak form of the heat equation

Recall that equation (15) gives us

Therefore equation (34) can be written as

In more compact notation

Following the same process for the initial condition, we get

In compact notation,

The variation initial boundary value problem for heat conduction can then be stated as follows.


Well-posedness of the boundary value problem

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Unless has a simple geometry - square, spherical or cylindrical, it is very difficult to solve the BVP in closed form (using separation of variables, for instance). For some BVPs, it may not be possible at all to get a closed form solution. In fact, it may not even be obvious that a solution exists or is unique or that the solution depends continuously on the data.

A well-posed problem is one that satisfied the three conditions :

  • a solution exists.
  • the solution is unique.
  • the solution depends continuously on the data (that is, smallchanges in the data do not cause wild fluctuations in the solution).

BVPs can be used to get reliable results only when they are well-posed.

Let us look at an example. Recall the BVP for the Poisson equation.


Assume that . That means that the heat flux is given on the entire boundary.

Suppose is a solution. Then is also a solution, where is a constant. To see why, compute the Laplacian of .

So the solution satisfies the PDE.

How about the boundary conditions?Plug in into the boundary condition to get

So the boundary conditions are also satisfied. That means that if , then the solution is not unique. We can add any constant temperature to the body and the solution will be consistent with the governing equations.

We can also check the conditions under which a solution will exist for this problem. Integrate the Poisson equation over to get

Apply the divergence theorem to the Laplacian. We get

From the boundary condition,

Therefore, we have


The boxed equation is called a compatibility condition and a solution does not exist unless this condition is satisfied.

In the context of the steady heat conduction problem, the compatibility condition says that the heat generated in the body must equal the heat flux. A similar (but more complicated) exercise can be used to show the existence and uniqueness of solutions for the full heat equation.