Measure Theory/Outer Measure Subadditivity
Outer Measure Subadditivity
[edit | edit source]Recall that countable additivity is the property that, for disjoint sets in the domain of ,
Also recall that we have a proof that no function defined on satisfies all four properties: Nonnegativity, Interval length, Translation invariance, and Countable additivity.
Exercise 1. Not Countably Additive
Prove that cannot be countably additive. |
Although may not be countably additive, there is a weaker property which we very often find useful, called subadditivity.
Definition: subadditivity
For any countable collection of sets ,
Note that we could state subadditivity for disjoint sets. However, overlap tends to only make the measure of the union smaller than the sum. For example,
whereas
Therefore if there is overlap, the inequality still remains true, as we shall prove below.
Proof
[edit | edit source]We now state and will prove the following theorem.
Theorem: Subadditivity
is subadditive. |
Exercise 2. Infinite Outer Measure Is Easy
Suppose that any in the sequence has infinite outer measure. Prove that therefore and that . |
In the exercise above, you have handled the case where at least one set has infinite outer measure. Therefore, for the rest of this proof, we only need to show that the inequality is true when every set in the sequence has finite measure.
Pairwise Subadditivity
[edit | edit source]First we prove that if we have just two sets of finite outer measure, , then these satisfy subadditivity.
That is to say, we will show
To get started, let and then let be any open interval over-approximations of A and B respectively, such that the over-estimates satisfy
Exercise 3. Merge OIOA
Prove that is an open interval over-approximation of . Next, prove that Next, state the reason why . Next, complete the rest of the proof for pairwise subadditivity. |
Exercise 4. Pairs to Countable Subadditivity
Now use the same basic proof that you used for pairwise subadditivity, to prove countable subadditivity. That is to say, start by considering an open interval over-approximation for each set, such that the corresponding over-estimate is underneath "some bound". Note that this proof will likely require that you encounter a sum of sums, and rearrange the terms. We have said before that the rearrangement of nonnegative terms is not an issue, as proved in elementary analysis. However, this is a kind of rearrangement of terms which is unlike the theorems encountered anywhere in the usual elementary analysis textbooks. The proof that this kind of rearrangement of terms is valid, is quite tricky and therefore we do not want to get bogged down in the issue. Rest assured that any rearrangement is valid, and therefore use it freely here. The trick here is to pick the right bound. If you picked the bound in exactly the same way as with pairwise subadditivity, you'd say that it is . However, that choice will cause a failure later on in the proof, when you have to take an infinite sum of , which then goes to infinity. Hint: Use the trick. |
Null Adding and Subtracting
[edit | edit source]In this section we will prove that, if is any set of real numbers and is a null set, then the outer measure of A is not changed by either adding or removing E. More formally, we will show
Theorem: Null Plus and Minus
Let be two sets of real numbers, and E a null set. Then |
Exercise 5. Minus Null
Use subadditivity to show . Use monotonicity to show the reverse inequality. |
Exercise 6. Plus Null
Due to Exercise 5. Minus Null, we know that subtracting a null set from a set does not change its measure. Use this to show that . |