Latonic/Perfectu
The Perfectu
[edit | edit source]The Perfectu is the second most important tense in Latonic. It is similar to the Latin Perfectum, or to a combination of the French Passés Composé and Simple. It is mainly used to describe single actions and events from the past. In longer stories, it is used for everything that helps action proceed. It is also used for sudden changes and beginning, causing it to change meaning. (For example, cognere in the Présens means to know someone, while in the Perfectu it means to meet someone)
Forming the Perfectu (Groups that are easy to form)
[edit | edit source]Groups 1 and 2
[edit | edit source]The Perfectu uses diffrent endings from the Présens. The tipical endings are: -i, -(i)ste, -i, -(î)mo, -(i)ste, -(e)ro
Also typical to the Perfectu is that adding of a long accent (except before -ste!). Verbs from the first and second group form their Perfect root from their long root, but with a long accent:
carmínare = carmínâi
finíre = finîi
sentíre = sentî
Verbs from the first group and verbs from the second group with a long conjugation are formed the same way, but with different binding vowels. Verbs from the second group with a short conjugation additionally lose the second -i in the first and third person singular.
| carmínare | finíre | sentíre |
|---|---|---|
| me carmínâi | me finîi | me sentî |
| te carmínaste | te finiste | te sentiste |
| il carmínâi | il finîi | il sentî |
| no carmínâmo | no finîmo | no sentîmo |
| vo carmínaste | vo finiste | vo sentiste |
| i carmínâro' | i finîro' | i sentîro' |
| carmínasse | finisse | sentisse |
The last form is know as the infinitive of the Perfectu and is formed by taking the second person and replacing -ste with -sse. It is translated as to have sung, to have finished, to have felt.
Irregular forms
[edit | edit source]Groups 3 and 4 are always irregular, but still uniform. They all from their conjugation from an irregular root with the full exits: -i, -iste, -i, -îmo, -iste, ero'. Note that unlike the earlier forms, where the stress is fixed, stress on irregular verbs is sometimes on the stem (in 1st singular, 3rd singular and 3rd plural) and sometimes on the exit (in 2nd singular and plural, 1st plural and infinitive).
About 50% of irregular verbs form their root by taking the long root and replacing -é with -û.
| temére |
|---|
| me temûi |
| te temuiste |
| il temûi |
| no temuîmo |
| vo temuiste |
| i temûero |
| temuisse |
Note, in the combination -ûe-, the -e- isn't pronounced. Other verbs take a completely different stem. Most of them completely omit the long accent, except in the 1st person plural. For example:
| prennere |
|---|
| me prensi |
| te prensiste |
| il prensi |
| no prensîmo |
| vo prensiste |
| i prensero |
| prensisse |
Most irregular verbs originate from group 3 or 4, though they can also come from group 2. Verbs from group 1 are never irregular, except for dare and stare.
List of irregular verbs
[edit | edit source]Note that this is only a collection of the most important irregular verbs.
esse - fûi, fuiste - to be
posse - possûi, possuiste - can
velle - volûi, voluiste - want/shall
nolle - nolûi, noluiste - don't want/shall not
ire - îi, iste, îro'(like Group 2) - go/will
fêre - festi, -, festero'- to be there, exist
le mibi fíe - me habûi, te habuiste- to have
habíre - habûi, habuiste - to get, recieve, have
biére (bevére) - bûvi, buviste - to drink
(ac)cadére - (ac)quêdi, (ac)quediste - to happen
cedere - cessi, ceziste - to come
queríre - quessi, queziste - to choose
cognere - connûi (cognûi), connuiste (cognuiste, cogniste) - to know (be aquainted to)
squire - squissi, squiziste - to know (be aware of)
sapíre - sêpi, sepiste - to understand, be able to
dicere (dire) - dixi, dixiste (diciste) - to say
devére (diére) - dûbi, dubiste - must
facere (fare) - fîci, ficiste - to do
valére - valsi, valsiste - to cost
messere - misi, misiste - to do
movere - mossi, moziste - to move
nacere - nêqui/nêcui, nequiste/necuiste - to be born
placere - plâqui/plâcui, plaquiste/placuiste - to please
parére - parvi, parviste - to appear, seem
ponére - ponsi, ponsiste - to put
prennere - prensi, prensiste - to take
rennere - rensi, rensiste - to give back
manere - mansi/masi, mansiste/masiste - to stay (like this)
remanere (rimare) - remansi, remansiste - to stay (here)
respondere - responsi, responsiste - to answer
rompere - rûpi, rupiste - to break
scrivere - scripsi, scripsiste - to write
sidére - sêsi, sesiste - to sit, to be (similar to stare
tenére - tegni (tigni), tegniste (tigniste) - to hold
veníre - vigni, vigniste - to become
vidére - vidi, vidiste - to see
vincere - vinxi, vinxiste (vinciste) - to win
vivere - vixi, vixiste (viciste, viviste) - to live
aperíre - apersi, apersiste - to appear
avertíre - avervi, averviste - to warn
capíre - quêpi, quepiste - to catch, sease
costruíre - costruxi, costruxiste - to build
duíre - duxi, duxiste (duciste) - to lead
moríre - morûi/mèrsi, mouriste/mèrsiste - to die
offeríre - offersi, offersiste - to give
servíre - sersi/servî, sersiste/serviste - to serve
dare - dêdi/dèdi, dediste/dèdiste - to give
stare - stêti/stèti, stetiste/stètiste - to be
Some verbs have two forms. If the second form is between brackets, it is popular in spoken language, but innoficcial.