Latin/Chapter 2
Chapter 2 Latin
Lesson Plan
[edit | edit source]- Verbs
- Present active, imperfect active, and future active Conjugations
- 1st Conjugation Passive
- Vocabulary 3
- Assignment
Verbs
[edit | edit source]As with nouns and adjectives, verbs also undergo a series of changes to give further information, including how many people are acting, when they are acting, or whether they are the ones acting or something is happening to them. Changing a verb to express this information is called "conjugating" the verb.
Verbs in Latin, as in English, can be modified by person, number, tense, and voice. The Person shows who is the subject of the verb, there are three different persons. The first person(s) is the person(s) that is talking (I/we do, I/we run), the second is the person(s) is the person(s) being talked to (you do, you run), and third person(s) is someone other then the two persons mentioned above(he/she/it/they do(es), he/she/it/they run(s). Number tells whether the verb is singular (I, you, he, she, it), or plural (we, you, they). The tense denotes the occurrence in time (is it some thing that has happened is happening or will happen?). There are six different tenses in Latin: Present, Imperfect, Perfect, Future and Future Perfect. And finally the voice says whether the action is going from the subject (Active, it was biting) or to the subject (Passive, it was bitten).
The four principle parts
[edit | edit source]Verbs, in Latin, have four principle parts that must be memorized for proper grammar. The four principle parts of the verb to love in Latin is: amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus
- The first principle part is the first person singular, present indicative active; that is I love.
- The second principle part is the infinitive; that is to love.
- the third principle part is the first person singular, perfect indicative active; that is I loved
- the fourth principle part is the past passive participle; that is having been loved
The four conjugations
[edit | edit source]Latin contains four different conjugations, which are distinguished by the vowel in the penult (the second last syllable) in the second principal part. The first principle part has a long a, the second a long e the third a short e the forth a long i.
The Present Active Conjugation
[edit | edit source]In Latin a finite verb is composed of the stem of a verb, a temporal indicator and a personal ending which indicates the subject of the verb. For example the word amābimus; we will love, is composed thus: the stem amā, which means love, the temporal indicator -bi which means the action happens in the future, and the personal ending -mus, which means the action is done by the first person plural; we. Therefore amā + bi + mus = amābimus, we will love.
The personal ending and the temporal ending of the verbs are as thus;
| person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | -ō/m | -mus |
| 2nd person | -s | -tis |
| 3rd peson | -t | -nt |
| present | imperfect | future |
|---|---|---|
| n/a | -bā | -bi |
The present active form of a verb is derived by taking the second principle part removing the -re at the end, then adding the personal ending. Therefore, if you want to say we love you would take amare, the second principle part of the verb amo, amare, amavi, amatus, remove the -re ending to produce the stem amā, then adding the fist person plural ending (we) -mus. The imperfect active formed in a similar way with the addition of adding the temporal ending -bā before the personal ending. With the future active -bi is added.
Present: amāre - re + mus = amāmus, we love.
Imperfect: amāre - re + bā + mus = amābāmus, we are loving.
Future: amāre - re + bi + mus = amābimus, we will love.
First present conjugation
[edit | edit source]The present active indicative conjugation of the first conjugation verb amo, amare, amavi, amatus.
| person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | amō/ I love | amāmus/ we love |
| 2nd person | amās/ you love | amātis/ you love |
| 3rd peson | amat/ he,she,it loves | amant/ they love |
Note that when adding the first person ending (-ō) the a at the end of the base is absorbed into the ō (amo, not amao); also the long ā gets shorten before -t and -nt.
Second conjugation
[edit | edit source]The present active indicative conjugation of the second conjugation verb moneō, moēre, monuī, monitum, to warn.
| person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | moneo/ I warn | monēmus/ we warn |
| 2nd person | monēs/ you warn | monētis/ you warn |
| 3rd peson | monet/ he,she,it warns | monent/ they warn |
Note that the long ē gets shorten before -o, -t and -nt.
Third conjugation
[edit | edit source]Third conjugation verbs has a short e in the penult of the second principle part. The present active indicative conjugation of the third conjugation verb bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitus, is thus.
| person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | bibō/ I drink | bibimus/ we drink |
| 2nd person | bibis/ you drink | bibitis/ you drink |
| 3rd peson | bibit/ he,she,it drinks | bibunt/ they drink |
Note how the short e becomes a short i and a short u before -nt.
io third conjugation verb
[edit | edit source]Fourth Conjugation
[edit | edit source]| person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | audio/ I listen | audimus/ we listen |
| 2nd person | audis/ you listen | auditis/ you listen |
| 3rd peson | audit/ he,she,it listens | audiunt/ they listen |
1st Conjugation Passive
[edit | edit source]Present
[edit | edit source]imperfect
[edit | edit source]future
[edit | edit source]Perfect
[edit | edit source]The perfect passive tense in latin is a compound tense meaning that it consists of both the present tenses of the Verb "To Be" sum and the Perfect Passive Participle .
| person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | amatus sum/ I have been loved | amati sumus/ we have been loved |
| 2nd person | amatus es/ you have been loved | amati estis/ you have been loved |
| 3rd peson | amatus est/ he,she,it has been loved | amati sunt/ they have been loved |