Integration and ethernet protocol

OK

Now for example there is internet service provider companies like AT and T , Vodafone , Ooredoo.

As I live in qatar i have vodafone qatar and ooredoo.

now i wrote integration as the heading what does it mean.

there are many companies which built modems , routers and switches.

and one modem is different from the another one.

below are some modem pictures

then there are d-link modem , asus modems.

now what is integration?

integration is to add something which is different and make it work or make it compatible to a different system.

now for example if someone is working in ooredoo or vodafone. and he gets different modems from suppliers like netgear or d-link or asus. now he wants to make this modem work with ooredoo routers and packets switches.

or if some for example d-link modems and routers work and asus routers and modems works with ooredoo systems but netgear modem doesnt work with ooredoo systems. so how can he make netgear modem work with ooredoo.

or how can different modems , routers and switches work with ooredoo systems . how to integrate different routers, modems and switches to a specific telecommunication system.

Vendor-Based Approach

Now for example we bought a netgear modem that doesnt work with our telecommunication setup.

we make a server it could be any server dell , ibm , hp , microsoft.

we call this configuration server . this server job is to communicate with the netgear, d-link , asus modems.

we will make configuration server to talk with the modems and integrate them with the system. But how!.

Now let us connect the netgear, d-link modems to this configuration server. i will show you the picture.

In the above image. you can see that the configuration server is connected to the netgear modem by ethernet port. does this ring a bell. hold on . wait a second. ethernet port means ethernet protocol. and we can use ethernet protocol to program the netgear modem.

2.4.9 Ethernet Hardware Addresses(this text has been taken from internetworking with TCP/IP principles, protocols , and architectures author DOUGLAS E. COMER)

(this text has been taken from internetworking with TCP/IP principles, protocols , and architectures author DOUGLAS E. COMER CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF UNDERLYING NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES PAGE 29)

Ethernet defines a 48-bit addressing scheme. Each computer attached to an Ether-net network is assigned a unique 48-bit number known as its Ethernet address. To assign an address, Ethernet hardware manufacturers purchase blocks of Ethernet addresses? and assign them in sequence as they manufacture Ethernet interface hardware. Thus, no two hardware interfaces have the same Ethernet address. Usually, the Ethernet address is fixed in machine readable form on the host interface hardware. Because each Ethernet address belongs to a hardware device, they are sometimes called hardware addresses, physical addresses, media access (MAC) addresses, or layer 2 addresses. Note the following important property of Ethernet physical addresses:

Physical addresses are associated with the Ethernet interface hardware; moving the hardware interface to a new machine or replacing a hardware interface that has failed changes the machine's physical address.

Knowing that Ethernet physical addresses can change will make it clear why higher levels of the network software are designed to accommodate such changes. The host interface hardware examines packets and determines the packets that should be sent to the host. Recall that each interface receives a copy of every packet that passes through a hub - even those addressed to other machines. The host interface uses the destination address field in a packet as a filter. The interface ignores those packets that are addressed to other machines, and passes to the host only those packets addressed to it. The addressing mechanism and hardware filter are needed to prevent a computer from being overwhelmed with incoming data. Although the computer's central processor could perform the check, doing so in the host interface keeps traffic on the Ethernet from slowing down processing on all computers. A 48-bit Ethernet address can do more than specify a single destination computer. An address can be one of three types: The physical address of one network interface (a unicast address) The network broadcast address A multicast address By convention, the broadcast address (all 1s) is reserved for sending to all stations simultaneously. Multicast addresses provide a limited form of broadcast in which a subset of the computers on a network agree to listen to a given multicast address. The set of participating computers is called a multicast group. To join a multicast group, a computer must instruct its host interface to accept the group's multicast address. The advantage of multicasting lies in the ability to limit broadcasts: every computer in a multicast group can be reached with a single packet transmission, but computers that choose not to participate in a particular multicast group do not receive packets sent to the group.

(this text has been taken from internetworking with TCP/IP principles, protocols , and architectures author DOUGLAS E. COMER CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF UNDERLYING NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES PAGE 30)

To accommodate broadcast and multicast addressing, Ethernet interface hardware must recognize more than its physical address. A computer interface usually accepts at least two kinds of packets: those addressed to the interface's physical (i.e., unicast) address and those addressed to the network broadcast address. Some interfaces can be programmed to recognize multicast addresses or even alternate physical addresses. When a computer boots, the operating system initializes the Ethernet interface hardware, giving it a set of addresses to recognize. The interface then examines the destination address field in each packet, passing on to the computer only those transmissions designated for one of the specified addresses.

(This picture has been taken from internetworking with TCP/IP principles, protocols , and architectures author DOUGLAS E. COMER )

ok what have we learned. first that ethernet addresses are 48 bit.

so in any programming languages like c++ or java.

we will write

array byte[6] because 48 bits divided by 8 bits is equal to 6

second we learned that ethernet protocols have 6 things.

preamble
destination address
source address
frame type
frame data
CRC check

Vendor-based approach

now look at the below picture

as you can see the picture there are 5 things in ethernet frames one of them is source address and one of them is destination address. if the configuration server is given the correct source port it can communicate with any of its

ethernet ports and the destination port must be choosen which is one of the ethernet ports of the netgear modem. in this way both can communicatE

INTEGRATION POINT 1.

all of this needs vendor help without vendor this cant be done.

the first problem is that for example the configuration server has different destination addresses than that of netgear modem.

talk to your vendor meaning talk to netgear ask them what are the destination ethernet port addresses. and talk with your server provider like dell . lets take dell . ask dell what are the ethernet addresses of its ethernet ports.

ask dell and netgear how to build programs. for example how to program the configuration server to modify the netgear modem.

following can be c++ program to change the destination address in netgear modem using ethernet protocol note this is not the correct syntax.

byte preamble;

array source address of configuration server[6 octets]=[12,18,19,0];

array destination address of netgear modem[6 octets]=[19,19,19,0];

void method change destination address(array configuration server, array netgear modem)

{

destination address of netgear modem array[] =[19,19,2,0]

}

INTEGRATION POINT 2.

all of this needs vendor help without vendor this cant be done.

now the second problem can be that there is incompatibility between configuration server and modem . like configuration server is using windows and modem is using linux. talk to your vendor whats the incompatibility and

how to fix that.

INTEGRATION POINT 3.

all of this needs vendor help without vendor this cant be done.

another problem can be that there is words differences while programming the modem. for example ip address is called myip or ip address or ipinfo in modem operating system and ip address is called just ip address in

configuration server operating system. ask your vendor what is called what in the language of the modem.

INTEGRATION POINT 4.

all of this needs vendor help without vendor this cant be done.

the last problem is maybe the modem has ip address which the configuration server doesnt recognize. talk to your vendor and program a new ip address in the modem

these are all the integration points.

Please dont skip this Contributions needed

As my effort to build internet for everyone. i dont work in any telecommunication company. so i dont have routers , switches and modems to experiment with.

please if you are working in telecommunications contribute to this page so that we know how to make internet.

and you can modify this page or if you need my help talk to my talk page give me the error you are facing in your telecommunications job and i will try to give suggestions hope that leads to error being fixed.