Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Propugnaculum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich. 

PROPUGNA'CULUM. In a general sense is applied to any structure on land from which men fight for the purposes of defence, as a fortress, rampart, barricade, &c.; and on shipboard, to the lofty towers raised above the deck, into which the marines (classiarii) ascended to discharge their missiles, and which gave to the vessel an appearance very like that of a fortress, as exhibited by the annexed example (Propugnaculum/1.1), from a marble bas-relief, affording a graphic illustration of the words of Horace: inter alta navium, Amice, propugnacula. Hor. Epod. 1. 2. Schol. Vet. ad l. Plin. H. N. xxxii. 1.

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  Propugnaculum/1.1