File:Chrysoprase (Australia) 4.jpg
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Summary
DescriptionChrysoprase (Australia) 4.jpg |
English: A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties. At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical. Currently, there are over 5400 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common. Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry. Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.
The silicates are the most abundant and chemically complex group of minerals. All silicates have silica as the basis for their chemistry. "Silica" refers to SiO2 chemistry. The fundamental molecular unit of silica is one small silicon atom surrounded by four large oxygen atoms in the shape of a triangular pyramid - this is the silica tetrahedron - SiO4. Each oxygen atom is shared by two silicon atoms, so only half of the four oxygens "belong" to each silicon. The resulting formula for silica is thus SiO2, not SiO4. The simplest & most abundant silicate mineral in the Earth's crust is quartz (SiO2). All other silicates have silica + impurities. Many silicates have a significant percentage of aluminum (the aluminosilicates). Quartz (silicon dioxide/silica - SiO2) is the most common mineral in the Earth's crust. It is composed of the two most abundant elements in the crust - oxygen and silicon. It has a glassy, nonmetallic luster, is commonly clearish to whitish to grayish in color, has a white streak, is quite hard (H≡7), forms hexagonal crystals, has no cleavage, and has conchoidal fracture. Quartz can be any color: clear, white, gray, black, brown, pink, red, purple, blue, green, orange, etc. Chrysoprase is an apple-green, microcrystalline variety of quartz. The green color has been attributed to nickel oxide impurity. Photo gallery of quartz and chrysoprase: <a href="http://www.mindat.org/gallery.php?min=3337" rel="noreferrer nofollow">www.mindat.org/gallery.php?min=3337</a> and <a href="https://www.mindat.org/gallery.php?min=952" rel="noreferrer nofollow">www.mindat.org/gallery.php?min=952</a> |
Date | |
Source | Own work |
Author | James St. John |
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Items portrayed in this file
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some value
24 December 2018
image/jpeg
c69898f3d8d07e0424cfde7112d9af9cbc602a44
1,687,753 byte
1,259 pixel
2,182 pixel
File history
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Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
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current | 05:21, 26 December 2018 | 2,182 × 1,259 (1.61 MB) | Jsj1771 | User created page with UploadWizard |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon PowerShot D10 |
Exposure time | 1/60 sec (0.016666666666667) |
F Number | f/11 |
ISO speed rating | 80 |
Date and time of data generation | 13:22, 24 December 2018 |
Lens focal length | 11.614 mm |
Image title | |
Width | 4,000 px |
Height | 3,000 px |
Bits per component |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 13.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 14:42, 24 December 2018 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 13:22, 24 December 2018 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 3 |
APEX shutter speed | 5.90625 |
APEX aperture | 6.90625 |
APEX exposure bias | −0.66666666666667 |
Maximum land aperture | 4 APEX (f/4) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash fired, compulsory flash firing, red-eye reduction mode |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Focal plane X resolution | 16,460.905349794 |
Focal plane Y resolution | 16,483.516483516 |
Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Portrait |
Lens used | 6.2-18.6 mm |
Date metadata was last modified | 09:42, 24 December 2018 |
Unique ID of original document | 4EE0E255881FB3213FA19D06A8DE5F7B |
IIM version | 29,736 |