EuroLex/E/Top 1
< EuroLex
top1
- Original language: English
- Original form and meaning: n. 2a 'the highest rank or place', 4a 'a (sleeveless) blouse, jumper', +14 'the charts' (music)
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | top | end20c | 2a, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (youth); 4a, status: restricted use; | dito | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | top/topje (4a) [= English] | 1910s/1970s | 1910s: 2a, status: word comes from other source than English; 1970s: 4a, status: (nearly) identical to indigenous form in receptor language, form of semantic loan | dito | ... |
| English | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | toppi | mid20c | 4a, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English; | dito | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | top [= English] | 1970s | 4a, status: restricted use: technical; | dito | ... |
| Hungarian | top [= English] | end20c/1990s/1970s | end20c: 2a, status: restricted use: technical (computers); 1990s: 4a, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (modern); 1970s: +14, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (written, modern); | dito | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | top | 1960s | 2a, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (technical, modern); 4a, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (technical); | dito | ... |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | topp [= English] | ... | the same as in English, see above, status: (nearly) identical to indigenous form in receptor language, form of semantic loan | dito | ... |
| Polish | top/topka (4a) | end20c | 2a,+14, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (youth); 4a, status: restricted use: modern; | dito | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | top | 1990s | the same as in English, see above, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English | dito | ... |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
- Annotations: * DEA = Dictionary of European Anglicisms by Manfred Görlach (2001), Oxford: OUP.; ** CODEE = The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology by T.F. Hoad (1986), Oxford: Clarendon.
- Information on Other Languages: Icelandic: toppur, meaning: 2a, status: word comes from other source than English; end20c: 4a, status: (nearly) identical to indigenous form in receptor language, form of semantic loan (modern); 1960s: 14, status: (nearly) identical to indigenous form in receptor language, form of semantic loan; Romanian: top [= English], 1970s, meaning: 2a,+14, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (journalese, modern); Russian: top, end20c, meaning: 4a, status: restricted use: modern; Albanian: top, 1990s, meaning: the same as in English, see above, status: restricted use: modern; Greek: top, end20c, meaning: the same as in English, see above, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (colloquial);,