EuroHiT/Enemy

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Definition of the Concept: Words for 'enemy', as the opposite of 'friend', are in several cases neg. cpds. of those for 'friend'; or are cognate with words for 'hate', parallel to 'friend' from 'loving'. Some are derived from words for 'against' and so had originally the milder sense of 'opponent, adversary'. Another semantic source is 'alien' or 'exile, outcast' (Buck).

Catalan[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
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Croatian[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 neprijatelj ... ... cf. ChSl. neprijateljĭ, etc., general Slavic (Russ. neprijatel`, mostly 'enemy' in war); neg. cpds. of ChSl. prijateljĭ, etc. 'friend' Buck
2 dušmanin ... ... fr. Turk. düşman, this fr. nPers. dušman Buck
3 ... ... ... ... ...

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Czech[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 nepřítel ... general ... Buck
2 ... ... ... ... ...
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Danish[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 fjende ... general Goth. fijands, OE fēond, etc. general Gmc, orig. pples. of Got. fijan, OE fēon 'hate' Buck
2 uven ... general neg. cpd. of ON vinr; Dan. ven 'friend' Buck
3 ... ... ... ... ...

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Dutch[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 vijand ... general Goth. fijands, OE fēond, etc. general Gmc, orig. pples. of Got. fijan, OE fēon 'hate' Buck
2 ... ... ... ... ...
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English[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 enemy since ME enemi general fr. OFr. enemi < Lat. inimīcus, neg. cpd. of amīcus 'friend' Buck
2 foe since OE fēond, gefā, ME fend, fo ... general Gmc, orig. pples. of Got. fijan, OE fēon 'hate' Buck
3 ... ... ... ... ...

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Estonian[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
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Finnish[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
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French[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 ennemi since OF general fr. OFr. enemi < Lat. inimīcus, neg. cpd. of amīcus 'friend' Buck
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Frisian[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
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German[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 feind since OHG fīant, MHG vī(e)nt general ... Buck
2 ... ... ... ... ...
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Hungarian[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
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Irish[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 namhaid since Ir. nāme general prob.: Alb. nëmë 'curse'; Goth. niman 'take' Buck
2 Ir. escara, ecra only Ir. only Ir. cpd. of *eks- and care 'friend' Buck
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Italian[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 nimico ... general fr. OFr. enemi < Lat. inimīcus, neg. cpd. of amīcus 'friend' Buck
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Ladin[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
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Latvian[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
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Lithuanian[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 priešas ... general; lit. 'opponent, adversary', but now the preferred word for 'enemy' deriv. of prieš 'against' Buck
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Maltese[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
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Norwegian[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
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Occitan[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
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Polish[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 nieprzyjaciel ... general ... Buck
2 ... ... ... ... ...
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Portuguese[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
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Rumantsch[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
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Slovak[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
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Slovenian[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
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Spanish[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 enemigo ... general fr. OFr. enemi < Lat. inimīcus, neg. cpd. of amīcus 'friend' Buck
2 ... ... ... ... ...
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Swedish[edit | edit source]

History of Forms[edit | edit source]

No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 fiende ... general Goth. fijands, OE fēond, etc. general Gmc, orig. pples. of Got. fijan, OE fēon 'hate' Buck
2 ... ... ... ... ...
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Information on Other Languages[edit | edit source]

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Related Concepts[edit | edit source]

(Cf. also the guidelines for the EuroHiT Project.)

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