EuroHiT/Enemy
< EuroHiT
Definition of the Concept: Words for 'enemy', as the opposite of 'friend', are in several cases neg. cpds. of those for 'friend'; or are cognate with words for 'hate', parallel to 'friend' from 'loving'. Some are derived from words for 'against' and so had originally the milder sense of 'opponent, adversary'. Another semantic source is 'alien' or 'exile, outcast' (Buck).
Catalan
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Croatian
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | neprijatelj | ... | ... | cf. ChSl. neprijateljĭ, etc., general Slavic (Russ. neprijatel`, mostly 'enemy' in war); neg. cpds. of ChSl. prijateljĭ, etc. 'friend' | Buck |
| 2 | dušmanin | ... | ... | fr. Turk. düşman, this fr. nPers. dušman | Buck |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Czech
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | nepřítel | ... | general | ... | Buck |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Danish
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | fjende | ... | general | Goth. fijands, OE fēond, etc. general Gmc, orig. pples. of Got. fijan, OE fēon 'hate' | Buck |
| 2 | uven | ... | general | neg. cpd. of ON vinr; Dan. ven 'friend' | Buck |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Dutch
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | vijand | ... | general | Goth. fijands, OE fēond, etc. general Gmc, orig. pples. of Got. fijan, OE fēon 'hate' | Buck |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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English
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | enemy | since ME enemi | general | fr. OFr. enemi < Lat. inimīcus, neg. cpd. of amīcus 'friend' | Buck |
| 2 | foe | since OE fēond, gefā, ME fend, fo | ... | general Gmc, orig. pples. of Got. fijan, OE fēon 'hate' | Buck |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Estonian
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Finnish
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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French
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | ennemi | since OF | general | fr. OFr. enemi < Lat. inimīcus, neg. cpd. of amīcus 'friend' | Buck |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Frisian
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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German
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | feind | since OHG fīant, MHG vī(e)nt | general | ... | Buck |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Hungarian
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Irish
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | namhaid | since Ir. nāme | general | prob.: Alb. nëmë 'curse'; Goth. niman 'take' | Buck |
| 2 | Ir. escara, ecra | only Ir. | only Ir. | cpd. of *eks- and care 'friend' | Buck |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Italian
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | nimico | ... | general | fr. OFr. enemi < Lat. inimīcus, neg. cpd. of amīcus 'friend' | Buck |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Ladin
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Latvian
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Lithuanian
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | priešas | ... | general; lit. 'opponent, adversary', but now the preferred word for 'enemy' | deriv. of prieš 'against' | Buck |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Maltese
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Norwegian
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Occitan
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin Sources |
| 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Polish
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | nieprzyjaciel | ... | general | ... | Buck |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Portuguese
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Rumantsch
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Slovak
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Slovenian
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Spanish
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | enemigo | ... | general | fr. OFr. enemi < Lat. inimīcus, neg. cpd. of amīcus 'friend' | Buck |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
Explanations of Changes
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Swedish
[edit | edit source]History of Forms
[edit | edit source]| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | fiende | ... | general | Goth. fijands, OE fēond, etc. general Gmc, orig. pples. of Got. fijan, OE fēon 'hate' | Buck |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
Explanations of Changes
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Annotations
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Information on Other Languages
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Related Concepts
[edit | edit source](Cf. also the guidelines for the EuroHiT Project.)