Introduction[edit | edit source]

**Diagram of cube (in solid black lines.)**
The diagram shows the relationship of width, depth or height to surface area and volume.

A cube is a regular solid in three dimensions with depth, width and height all equal.

In the diagram the figure defined by solid black lines is a cube. Width = depth = height = 2.

The length of one side is 2 units.

The surface area of one side $=\ height*depth$ or $height*width$ or $width*depth=2*2$ or $2^{2}$ square units. There are 4 square units in each side.

The volume of the cube $=\ width*depth*height\ =\ 2*2*2=2^{3}=8$ cubic units.

In this case you can see that 8 cubes of 1 unit each, when properly stacked together, form a cube with length of each side equal to 2 units and volume equal to 8 cubic units.

In mathematical terms $V=s^{3}=2^{3}=8.$

We can say that $V=s$ raised to the power of 3. Usually we say that $V=s$ cubed.

The calculation of cube root is the process reversed. Given $V$ or volume, what is the length of each side?

$s=V^{\frac {1}{3}}$ read as $s=V$ raised to the power ${\frac {1}{3}}.$ Usually we say that $s={\sqrt[{3}]{V}}$ or $s=$ cube root of $V.$

In this case $s={\sqrt[{3}]{8}}=2.$

When $s={\sqrt[{3}]{V}}$ then $s^{3}=({\sqrt[{3}]{V}})^{3}=(V^{1/3})^{3}=V^{\frac {3}{3}}=V^{1}=V.$

If $s$ is negative, then $(-s)^{3}=(-s)*(-s)*(-s)=-(s*s*s)=-V$ and ${\sqrt[{3}]{-V}}=-s.$

In theoretical math the cube root of any real number has 3 values, 1 real and 2 complex.

On this page, we'll refer to the one real value noting that the cube root of a negative real number is also a negative real number.

Calculation[edit | edit source]

Preparation[edit | edit source]

It is desired to calculate the cube root of real number $N.$

To simplify the process, and to make the implementation of the process predictable, reformat $N:$

$N=n(10^{3p})$ where:

$1<=n<1000$

$p$ is integer.

Then: ${\sqrt[{3}]{N}}={\sqrt[{3}]{n(10^{3p})}}={\sqrt[{3}]{n}}(10^{p}).$

To simplify the process further, we calculate cube root of abs(n) and restore negative sign to result, if necessary.

# python code.

NormalizeNumberDebug = 0

def NormalizeNumber (number) :
  '''
sign, newNumber, exponent = NormalizeNumber (number)
sign & exponent are both ints.
newNumber is Decimal object.
1000 > newNumber >= 1 and
exponent % 3 = 0.
This prepares number for cube root of number.
eg, 1234.56e-2 becomes 12.3456
    123.456e7 becomes 1.23456e9
'''

  number = D(str(number))+0
  if number == 0 : return (0, D(0), 0)

  sign, digits, exponent = tuple(number.as_tuple())

  digits = list(digits)

  # Remove leading zeroes.
  while (digits[0] == 0) : digits[:1] = []

  # Remove trailing zeroes.
  while (digits[-1] == 0) :
    digits[-1:] = [] ; exponent += 1

  # Ensure that there are at least 3 digits.
  while ( len(digits) < 3 ) :
    digits += [0];  exponent -= 1

  # Ensure that exponent is exactly divisible by 3.
  while exponent % 3 :
    digits += [0] ; exponent -= 1

  # Insert the decimal point so that there are exactly 1 or 2 or 3
  # digits to left of decimal point.
  len1 = len(digits) % 3
  if len1 == 0 : len1 = 3
  len2 = len(digits) - len1

  digits[len1:len1] = '.' ; exponent += len2

  # Produce number reformatted.
  str1 = ''.join( [ str(v) for v in digits ] )
  newNumber = D(str1)

  # If necessary, check.
  if NormalizeNumberDebug :
      v1 = D( ('', '-')[sign] + str1 + 'e' + str(exponent) )
      if v1 != number :
          print ('NormalizeNumber (number) : error', v1 , '!=', number)

  return sign, newNumber, exponent

Implementation[edit | edit source]

$x={\sqrt[{3}]{n}}$

$x^{3}=n$

$x^{3}-n=0$

To calculate ${\sqrt[{3}]{n}}$ calculate the real root of:

$y=f(x)=x^{3}-n.$

$f(x)$ is well defined in the region $1\leq n<1000.$

Newton's method is used to derive the root starting with $x=5.$

# python code.
simpleCubeRootDebug = 0

def simpleCubeRoot (N) :
    if simpleCubeRootDebug :
        print ('simpleCubeRoot (N): N =',N)
    if N == 0 : return D(0)
    if abs(N) == 1 : return D(str(N))

    sign1, n, exponent = NormalizeNumber (N)

    if 1 <= n < 1000 : pass
    else :
        print ('simpleCubeRoot (N) : internal error 1.')
        return None

    x = 5         # Starting value of x.
    y = x*x*x - n # Starting value of y.
    count = 33 ; L1 = []

    while count :
        count -= 1
        if simpleCubeRootDebug :
            print ('simpleCubeRoot (N) : x,y =',x,y)
        slope = 3*x*x
        delta_x = y/slope
        x -= delta_x
        if x in L1[-1:-5:-1] :
            # This value of x has been used previously.
            break
        L1 += [x]
        y = x*x*x - n

    if count == 0 :
        print ('simpleCubeRoot (N): count expired.')

    multiplier1 = (1,-1)[bool(sign1)]
    exponent1, remainder = divmod (exponent, 3)
    if remainder :
        print ('simpleCubeRoot (N): internal error 2.')
        return None

    multiplier2 = 10**D(exponent1)
    root3 = (multiplier1 * x * multiplier2).normalize() # The cube root.
    if simpleCubeRootDebug :
        print ('simpleCubeRoot (N): root3 =',root3)
    return root3

Examples[edit | edit source]

(-27)^(⅓)[edit | edit source]

**Graph of cubic function used to calculate cube root of -27.**
$Y$ axis compressed for clarity.
Newton's method quickly finds result: $3={\sqrt[{3}]{\|-27\|}}.$

# python code.

import decimal
D = decimal.Decimal

simpleCubeRootDebug = 1

N = -27
v = simpleCubeRoot (N)
print ('cube root of',N,'=',v)

simpleCubeRoot (N): N = -27
simpleCubeRoot (N) : x,y = 5 98.000
simpleCubeRoot (N) : x,y = 3.693333333333333333333333333 23.37969303703703703703703703
simpleCubeRoot (N) : x,y = 3.122011871507368646651056170 3.43011897993565925386902153
simpleCubeRoot (N) : x,y = 3.004706248711930856949932920 0.12726815845223303319846682
simpleCubeRoot (N) : x,y = 3.000007367513256026917293862 0.00019892334643539087699845
simpleCubeRoot (N) : x,y = 3.000000000018093357946763316 4.8852066456555586E-10
simpleCubeRoot (N) : x,y = 3.000000000000000000000109123 2.94632E-21
simpleCubeRoot (N) : x,y = 3.000000000000000000000000000 0E-26
simpleCubeRoot (N): root3 = -3

cube root of -27 = -3

N small[edit | edit source]

# python code.

import decimal
D = decimal.Decimal

simpleCubeRootDebug = 1

N = (D('654.12345')**3)* D('1e-234')
v = simpleCubeRoot (N)
print ('cube root of',N,'=',v)

simpleCubeRoot (N): N = 2.79884698523170070963625E-226
simpleCubeRoot (N) : x,y = 5 -154.884698523170070963625
simpleCubeRoot (N) : x,y = 7.065129313642267612848333333 72.7786652269624099669721028
simpleCubeRoot (N) : x,y = 6.579122227796059655581363000 4.8916155561565606595741185
simpleCubeRoot (N) : x,y = 6.541452268317643764895392436 0.0279543788313674002066771
simpleCubeRoot (N) : x,y = 6.541234507249539089853395935 9.305743731604330476E-7
simpleCubeRoot (N) : x,y = 6.541234500000000008034541024 1.0313397688E-15
simpleCubeRoot (N) : x,y = 6.541234500000000000000000000 0E-25
simpleCubeRoot (N): root3 = 6.5412345E-76

cube root of 2.79884698523170070963625E-226 = 6.5412345E-76

N with 102 decimal digits[edit | edit source]

# python code.

import decimal
D = decimal.Decimal

prec = decimal.getcontext().prec = 110.   # Precision.

simpleCubeRootDebug = 0

N = D('91234567890.12345678901234567890123')**3

v = simpleCubeRoot (N)
print ('cube root of',N,'=',v)

cube root of 759413404032709802223035921205529.781633123988862756497856617560063741408069807576943069432557725290867 = 91234567890.12345678901234567890123

Result is achieved with 10 passes through loop.

In python this method is more than 3 times faster than raising a number to the power ${\frac {1}{3}}.$ As size of $N$ increases, speed advantage increases.