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Critical History/History as Social Product

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Humanity creates knowledge, but we do not do this as we please; we do not create it under self-selected circumstances, but from information which already exists, gathered and transmitted from the past.[1]

 * Information is gathered according to the perceived institutional needs of the organisation which gathers it.

 * Information is preserved according to the priorities created by successive institutions

 * Other data may be available and may be subsequently ordered/reordered into information

 * This information may be processed into knowledge in different ways

 * Each of these phases are social processes

 

From Russell Ackoff[2]

  1. Data = symbols
  2. Information = data that has been processed to provide useful answers to "who", "what", "where", and "when" questions
  3. Knowledge = application of data and information to answers "how" questions
  4. Understanding = appreciation of "why"
  5. Wisdom = understanding which has been evaluated through reflection[3]

 

  1. ↑ Derived from Marx, Karl (1852). "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte". Retrieved September 21, 2012.
  2. ↑ Ackoff, R. L., "From Data to Wisdom", Journal of Applies Systems Analysis, Volume 16, 1989 p 3-9
  3. ↑ Bellinger, G.; Castro, D. (2004). "Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom". Gene Bellinger. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
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