Determine the compositions φ ∘ ψ {\displaystyle {}\varphi \circ \psi } and ψ ∘ φ {\displaystyle {}\psi \circ \varphi } for the mappings φ , ψ : R → R {\displaystyle {}\varphi ,\psi \colon \mathbb {R} \rightarrow \mathbb {R} } that are defined by
