Comparative Teaching of Old Greek and Latin/Lesson 03 Part 2

Comparative Teaching of Old Greek and Latin Lesson 03 Part 2

Translated from the Greek Wikipedia|Wikiversity: "Συγκριτική διδασκαλία των κλασικών γλωσσών / (Comparative Teaching of the Classical Languages)"

LESSON 03 PART 2. The substantives of male gender. Masculine substantives.

3.2. Analyse and translate the texts:

(Each text should be separated in periods, each period in sentences and each sentence should be analyzed grammatically and syntacticly and after be translated.)

OLD GREEK

3.2.1. Arrian's Alexander's Anabasis, 1, 13, 2-3.

Ἐν τούτῳ δ’ Ἀλέξανδρος προὐχώρει ἐπὶ τὸν Γρανικὸν ποταμὸν συντεταγμένῳ τῷ στρατῷ, διπλῆν μὲν τὴν φάλαγγα τῶν ὁπλιτῶν τάξας, τοὺς δ’ ἱππέας κατὰ τὰ κέρατα ἄγων, τὰ σκευοφόρα δὲ κατόπιν ἐπιτάξας ἕπεσθαι. Τοὺς δὲ προκατασκεψομένους τὰ τῶν πολεμίων ἦγεν αὐτῷ Ἡγέλοχος, ἱππέας μὲν ἔχων τοὺς σαρισσοφόρους, τῶν δὲ ψιλῶν εἰς πεντακοσίους. Καὶ Ἀλέξανδρός τε οὐ πολὺ ἀπεῖχε τοῦ ποταμοῦ τοῦ Γρανικοῦ καὶ οἱ ἀπὸ τῶν σκοπῶν σπουδῇ ἐλαύνοντες ἀπήγγελλον ἐπὶ τῷ Γρανικῷ πέραν τοὺς Πέρσας ἐφεστάναι τεταγμένους ὡς ἐς μάχην. Ἔνθα δὴ Ἀλέξανδρος μὲν τὴν στρατιὰν πᾶσαν συνέταττεν ὡς μαχουμένους. Παρμενίων δὲ προσελθὼν λέγει Ἀλεξάνδρῳ τάδε:

'Vocabulary - comments. Analysis in detail

(Substantives will be given and should be learned with their genitive, adjectives and pronouns with the three genders, adverbs with the three degrees and verbs with their initial tenses - in Latin the present, the perfect, the supine and the present infinitive.)

The text has five periods. We first find the sentences and clauses of each period, the infinitives and the participles, if there exist any, and then the main basic terms, that is to say, the verb, the subject, the direct object, the indirect object, the predicative, provided that of course they exist. The remaining words will be determinations, depending on the kind of word and the term that it determines.

Main basic terms of the 1st period: Ἐν τούτῳ …ἕπεσθαι.

προὐχώρει: he was going, verb of the sentence, third singular person, imperfect indicative, active voice, Ἀλέξανδρος: subject of the verb as well as of the temporal participles τάξας, ἄγων, ἐπιτάξας, initial tenses: τάσσω, ἔτασσον, τάξω, ἔταξα, τέταχα, ἐτετάχειν, of the same root: τάγμα = battalion, σύνταγμα = regiment, ταγός (leader), τακτικός, ταξίδι, τάξη, παράταξη, ταΐζω, ταγή, τάμα, τάξιμο, νομοταγής, τὴν φάλαγγα = phalanx: direct object of the temporal participle τάξας = when he arrayed, τοὺς ἱππέας= the cavalry men: direct object of the temporal participle ἄγων= when he led, ἕπεσθαι: present infinitive, object of the temporal participle ἐπιτάξας = when he ordered, initial tenses, ἕπομαι= follow, ἕπομαι, εἱπόμην, ἕψομαι, ἑσπόμην, ἠκολούθηκα, ἠκολουθήκειν, of the same root: επόμενος= next, συνεπής= consequent, ασυνεπής, sequor, consecu’tio, seque’ntia= a kind of religious hymn, stuctures: ἕπομαί τινι, ἕπομαι ἐπί τινα, σκευοφόρα= transporting means: subject of the infinitive, διπλῆν= double: predicative to φάλαγγα, διπλοῦς, διπλῆ, διπλοῦν: double, numeral, of the same root: δύο= two, δεύτερος= second, διπλοῦς, διπλάσιος, δίς= twice, δυάς, δευτεραῖος, μέν, δέ: contrasting conjunctions, they are used as transitive conjunctions here.

Determinations of the first period:

(Determinations are all remaining words of the sentence except conjunctions and interjections which are only recognized grammatically)

ἐν τούτῳ: in the meantime, prepositional determination denoting time, ἐπὶ τὸν ποταμόν: to the river, prepositional determination denoting place, τὸν Γρανικόν: River Granicus, a river in Asia Minor, adjectival determination (The geographical main names with article when they accompany geographic terms and agree with them in gender, number and case are adjectival determinations, otherwise are appositions), τῷ στρατῷ: with the army, dative denoting escort, τῶν ὁπλιτῶν: of the soldiers, genitive denoting contents to φάλαγγα, συντεταγμένῳ: orderly, predicative determination to τῷ στρατῷ, κατὰ τὰ κέρατα: at the wings, at the borders of the battle array, prepositional determination denoting place, κατόπιν: the, adverbial determination denoting place.

Analysis of the second period: Τοὺς δὲ προκατασκεψομένους … εἰς πεντακοσίους.

ἦγεν: he led, verb, initial tenses: ἄγω, ἦγον, ἄξω, ἤγαγον, ἀγίοχα and ἦχα, ἠγιόχειν and ἤχειν, of the same root: αγωγή= education, αγωγός= pipe, conductor, άγημα, αγέλη, παρείσακτος, ξεναγός, σύναξη, ago, actor, structures: ἄγω τινά, ἄγω ἐπί τινα, εἴς τινα, πρός τινα, circumlocutions: ἄγω καὶ φέρω (to plunder), ἄγω εἰς δίκην, ἄγω ἐπὶ τοὺς δικαστάς, ἄγω σπονδάς, σχολήν ἄγω, ἡσυχίαν ἄγω, ἄγομαι φόνου, ἄγομαι γυναῖκα (to be married), κακῶς ἠγμένος, ἔχων: by having, participle denoting manner, initial tenses: ἔχω, εἶχον, ἕξω and σχήσω, ἔσχον, ἔσχηκα, ἐσχήκειν, aorist B': σχῶ, σχοίην, σχές, σχεῖν, σχών, of the same root: έξη= the habit, ευεξία= good health, εξής, σχολή, σχέδιο, σχήμα, σχέτλιος, οχυρός, ανεκτός, ὄχος (vehicle), ένοχος, εξοχή, τοὺς σαρισσοφόρους: those soldiers having long javelins, object of the participle ἔχων, ἱππέας: as cavalry men, apposition to σαρισσοφόρους, τοὺς προκατασκεψομένους: those who were going to spy, adjectival participle, object to ἦγεν, initial tenses: σκοπῶ, ἐσκόπουν, σκέψομαι, ἐσκεψάμην, ἔσκεμμαι, ἐσκέμμην, perfect tense: ἔσκεμμαι, ἔσκεψαι, ἔσκεπται, ἐσκέμμεθα, ἔσκεφθε, ἐσκεμμένοι εἰσί, of the same root: σκοπός= purpose, σκοπιά= watch tower, σκόπιμος, σκόπελος, σκέπτομαι= think, σκέψη= thought, σκέμμα, sco’pulus, τὰ τῶν πολεμίων: things about the enemies, object of the participle προκατασκεψομένους, τῶν δὲ ψιλῶν: of the soldiers having light armament, genitive denoting divided whole, εἰς πεντακοσίους: about five hundred, prepositional object to the participle ἔχων.

Analysis of the third period: καὶ Ἀλέξανδρός … ἐς μάχην.

ἀπεῖχεν, ἀπήγγελον: he was not far, they were saying, verbs of the two sentences, initial tenses: ἀπαγγέλλω, ἀπήγγελλον, ἀπαγγελῶ, ἀπήγγειλα, ἀπήγγελκα, ἀπηγγέλκειν, of the same root: ἄγγελμα= anouncement, άγγελος= messenger, εισαγγελέας= public prosecutor, ἀγγελτήρ, τοῦ ποταμοῦ: of the river, object to ἀπεῖχε, τοῦ Γρανικοῦ: adjectival determination to τοῦ ποταμοῦ, ἐλαύνοντες: by running, participle denoting manner, σπουδῇ: quickly, hastily, adverbial (with noun) determination denoting time or manner οἱ ἀπὸ τῶν σκοπῶν: the spies, subject to participle ἐλαύνοντες, ἐφεστάναι: they had been arrayed for battle, infinitive, object to ἀπήγγελλον, infinitive of crisis, i.e translated by ὅτι, ἐφεστάναι τεταγμένους= they had been arrayed for battle, initial tenses: ἐφίσταμαι, ἐφιστάμην, ἐπιστήσομαι, ἐπέστην ἐφέστηκα, ἐφεστήκειν, τεταγμένους: participle denoting manner, ἐπὶ τῷ Γρανικῷ: at the river Granicos, prepositional determination denoting place (stopping at a place), ὡς ἐς μάχην: to fight, prepositional determination denoting purpose.

Analysis of the fourth and fifth period: Ἔνθα … τάδε.

συνέττατεν, λέγει: he was organizing, he says, verbs of the two sentences, initial tenses: συντάττω, συνέταττον, συντάξω, συνέταξα, συντέταχα, συνετετάχειν, λέγω, ἔλεγον, λέξω and ἐρῶ, ἔλεξα and εἶπον and εἶπα, εἴρηκα, εἰρήκειν, of the same root: λόγος= speech, συλλογή= collection, εκλογή= election, λογάς, λογάδην, εκλεκτός, ανθολογία, lego, le’ctio, colle’ctio, πᾶσαν: the whole, all, predicative determination, ἔνθα: then, that time, adverbial determination of time, ὡς μαχουμένους: in order they fight, participle denoting purpose, προσελθὼν: after he had come, participle denoting time, initial tenses: ἔρχομαι, ᾖα and ᾔειν, εἶμι, ἦλθον, ἐλήλυθα, ἐληλύθειν, Ἀλεξάνδρῳ: to Alexander, indirect object.

LATIN

3.2.2. From the old reading-book of the Latin language, 8.

(The accentual marks will enter for facilitation of reading until the thirtieth fifth course.)

Ro’mulus et Remus Romam aedificave’runt. Ro’mulus Remum neca’vit, quod muros novi o’ppidi vitupera’verat. Quamquam Ro'mulus Remun neca’verat, tamen fortu’na Ro’mulo secu’nda erat; nam multos po’pulos bello armi’sque supera’vit et terram fini’timam occupa’vit et o’ppida expugna’vit. Nu’merus femina’rum in novo o’ppido parvus erat. I΄taque Ro’mulus Roma’nis fe’minas dolo para’vit. Sabi’nos enim et Sabi’nas et fi’lias sabino’rum ad ludos pu’blicos invita’vit et inter ludos Roma’ni fi’lias Sabino’rum raptave’runt.

Vocabulary - comments. Analysis in detail.

The text has seven periods. We first find the sentences and clauses, the infinitives and the participles, if there exist any, and then the main basic terms, that is to say, the verb, the subject, the direct object, the indirect object, the predicative, provided that of course they exist. The remaining words will be determinations, depending on the kind of word and the term that it determines.

Main basic terms of the first period: Ro’mulus… aedificave’runt.

aedificave’runt: they built, verb of the sentence, initial tenses: aedi’fico, -a’vi, -a’tum, -a’re, Ro’mulus, Remus: subjects of the verb, et: and, copulative conjunction, synomyms: ac, atque, que, Romam: Rome, object of the verb.

Determinations of the first period: None.

Analysis of the second period: Ro’mulus … vitupera’verat.

neca’vit: he killed, verb of the main clause, perfect indicative, vitupera’verat: he had accused, verb of the subordinate clause of reason beginning by quod, past perfect indicative, initial tenses: neco, -a’vi, -a’tum, -a’re, to kill, vitu’pero, -a’vi, -a’tum, -a’re, to accuse, of the same root:, nex, -cis, νέκυς, νεκρός= dead, quod: because, conjunction of reason, synonyms: quo’niam, quia, cum, muros: the city-walls, murus, -i, masculine noun of the second declension, o’ppidi: of the city, (here, of Rome), possessive genitive to muros, novi: of the new, adjective, novus, -a, -um, rece’ntior, novi’ssimus, adjectival determination to o’ppidi, novus, of the same root: nova’cula (razor), nova’lis, nova’tor, nove’llus (lad), novo (renew, renovate), νέος.

Analysis of the third semiperiod: Quamquam … secu’nda erat.

neca’verat: he had killed, verb of the concessive clause beginning with quamquam, erat: it was, verb oh the main clause, indicative imperfect: eram, eras, erat, era’mus, era’tis, erant, quamquam: though, concessive conjunction, synonyms: etsi, tamen: but, but yet, fortu’na: fortu’na, -ae: feminine noun of the first declension, the luck, the fate, secunda: predicative, secu’ndus, -a, -um, favourable.

Analysis of the fourth semiperiod: nam multos … expugna’vit.

nam: for, conjunction of reason, it introduces a main clause, it always enters in the beginning, supera’vit, he won, he beat, perfect indicative, occupa’vit, he occupied, he besieged, perfect indicative, expugna’vit, he conquered, perfect indicative: verbs of the three main clauses, su’pero= win, beat, expu’gno= besiege, o’ccupo= conquer, su’pero, same stem with the Greek preposition ὑπέρ, in Latin super, po’pulos: populations, po’pulus, -i, masculine noun of the second declension, object to supera’vit, multos: many, a lot of, multus, -a, -um, much, adjectival determination to po’pulos, bello, armi’sque by war and arms, ablatives of manner, que, and, copulative conjunction, et: and, copulative conjunction, terram: earth, country, land, terra, -ae, object to occupa’vit, fini’timam: neigbouring, fini’timus, -a, -um, adjectival determination to terram.

Analysis of the fifth period: Nu’merus… parvus erat.

nu’merus: the number, nu’merus, -i, masculine noun of the second declension, femina’rum: of the women, in novo o’ppido, in new city, in: preposition structured with ablative, to show stopping at a place, and accusative to show movement, motion to a place, parvus: small, parvus, -a, -um, parvus erat, he was small.

Analysis of the sixth period: i'taque … para’vit.

i΄taque: therefore, conlusive conjunction, it introduces main clauses, Roma’nis: to Romans, dative, indirect object to para’vit, fe’minas: women, accusative, fe’mina, -ae, f, direct object to para’vit, dolo: by deceit, dolus, -i, masculine noun of the second declension, ablative denoting manner, from the Greek word δόλος, of the same root: δολερός, δολιότητα.

Analysis of the seventh period: Sabi’nos … raptave’runt.

invita’vit, raptave’runt: he invited, he carried away, verbs of the two main clauses, initial tenses: i'nvito, -a'vi, -a'tum, a're, rapto, -a'vi, -a'tum, -a're < ra’pio, ra’pui, raptum, ra’pere, Sabi’nos et Sabi’nas: Sabine men and women, fi’lias: the daughters, fi'lia, -ae, f, daughter, fi’lius, -i, m, son, enim: for, conjunction of reason, it always introduces a main clause, it usually enters after a word, never at the beginning of the sentence, it is like the Greek conjunction γάρ, ad: preposition structured with accusative, to, in, it denotes direction, ad ludos pu’blicos: to public games, fights, ludus, -i, game, fight, pu’blicus, -a, -um, public, inter ludos: during the games, inter, preposition structured with accusative and denoting "between, during".

To continue look at: Lesson 03 Part 3

To see the Introduction look at: Introduction