Astronomy college course/Star (Wikipedia)/questions/Testbank

Star version A

1 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) the release of gravitational energy
	b) chemical reactions
	c) the fusion of Helium to Carbon
	d) collisions between protoplanets
	e) the fission of Carbon from Helium

2 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) white dwarf...red dwarf
	b) white dwarf....black hole
	c) neutron star....black hole
	d) white dwarf....neutron star
	e) blue giant....red giant

3 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 1 million years
	b) 10 billion years
	c) 1 year
	d) 1 thousand years
	e) 1 billion years

4 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) plasma is generic word for "important"
	b) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body
	c) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields
	d) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons
	e) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma

5

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	b) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	c) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	d) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity
	e) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity

6 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) through an HR diagram as they die
	b) Two of these are true
	c) through a cluster as they are born
	d) through an HR diagram as they are born
	e) through a cluster as they die

7 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Two of these are correct
	b) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size
	c) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size
	d) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size
	e) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass

8 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) 10% of their magnetic field
	b) 10% their mass
	c) 1% their mass
	d) all of their magnetic field
	e) 50% their mass

9 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium
	b) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons
	c) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,
	d) carbon and other elements fusing into iron
	e) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave

10 A starburst galaxy.

	a) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies
	b) has only dead or dying stars
	c) All of these are correct
	d) Two of these are correct
	e) is a region of active stellar birth

11 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) asterisms are smaller than constellations
	b) none of these is correct
	c) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.
	d) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA
	e) asterisms are larger than constellations

12 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy
	b) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.
	c) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy
	d) ceases to convert nuclear energy.
	e) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.

13 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) M>?RT
	b) R>?MT
	c) P>?MT
	d) P>?MR
	e) T>?RM

14 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) ion exchange
	b) collisions
	c) photon exchange
	d) Two of these are correct
	e) None of these is correct.

15 Stellar parallax is

	a) None of these is correct.
	b) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance
	c) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	d) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	e) Two of these is correct

16 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity
	b) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed
	c) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity
	d) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.
	e) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature

17 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse
	b) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system
	c) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed
	d) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses
	e) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms

Star version B

1 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Two of these are correct
	b) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size
	c) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size
	d) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size
	e) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass

2 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) P>?MR
	b) M>?RT
	c) P>?MT
	d) R>?MT
	e) T>?RM

3

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	b) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	c) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity
	d) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	e) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity

4 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 1 million years
	b) 1 billion years
	c) 1 thousand years
	d) 10 billion years
	e) 1 year

5 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy
	b) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.
	c) ceases to convert nuclear energy.
	d) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy
	e) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.

6 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields
	b) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons
	c) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body
	d) plasma is generic word for "important"
	e) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma

7 Stellar parallax is

	a) None of these is correct.
	b) Two of these is correct
	c) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance
	d) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	e) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars

8 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) neutron star....black hole
	b) white dwarf....black hole
	c) blue giant....red giant
	d) white dwarf....neutron star
	e) white dwarf...red dwarf

9 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) asterisms are smaller than constellations
	b) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.
	c) asterisms are larger than constellations
	d) none of these is correct
	e) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA

10 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed
	b) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity
	c) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature
	d) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.
	e) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity

11 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) 10% of their magnetic field
	b) 10% their mass
	c) 50% their mass
	d) all of their magnetic field
	e) 1% their mass

12 A starburst galaxy.

	a) All of these are correct
	b) is a region of active stellar birth
	c) Two of these are correct
	d) has only dead or dying stars
	e) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies

13 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system
	b) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms
	c) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed
	d) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse
	e) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses

14 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) Two of these are correct
	b) None of these is correct.
	c) ion exchange
	d) photon exchange
	e) collisions

15 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) the fission of Carbon from Helium
	b) collisions between protoplanets
	c) chemical reactions
	d) the release of gravitational energy
	e) the fusion of Helium to Carbon

16 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave
	b) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium
	c) carbon and other elements fusing into iron
	d) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons
	e) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,

17 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) through an HR diagram as they die
	b) through a cluster as they are born
	c) through an HR diagram as they are born
	d) Two of these are true
	e) through a cluster as they die

Star version C

1 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) asterisms are larger than constellations
	b) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.
	c) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA
	d) asterisms are smaller than constellations
	e) none of these is correct

2

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	b) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	c) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	d) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity
	e) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature

3 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) carbon and other elements fusing into iron
	b) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium
	c) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons
	d) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave
	e) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,

4 Stellar parallax is

	a) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	b) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance
	c) Two of these is correct
	d) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	e) None of these is correct.

5 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) P>?MT
	b) R>?MT
	c) P>?MR
	d) M>?RT
	e) T>?RM

6 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) white dwarf...red dwarf
	b) white dwarf....black hole
	c) neutron star....black hole
	d) white dwarf....neutron star
	e) blue giant....red giant

7 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons
	b) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body
	c) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma
	d) plasma is generic word for "important"
	e) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields

8 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) the fission of Carbon from Helium
	b) the fusion of Helium to Carbon
	c) the release of gravitational energy
	d) collisions between protoplanets
	e) chemical reactions

9 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed
	b) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms
	c) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse
	d) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses
	e) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system

10 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 10 billion years
	b) 1 million years
	c) 1 year
	d) 1 billion years
	e) 1 thousand years

11 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) through a cluster as they die
	b) through an HR diagram as they are born
	c) Two of these are true
	d) through an HR diagram as they die
	e) through a cluster as they are born

12 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.
	b) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy
	c) ceases to convert nuclear energy.
	d) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.
	e) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy

13 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) all of their magnetic field
	b) 10% of their magnetic field
	c) 1% their mass
	d) 10% their mass
	e) 50% their mass

14 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size
	b) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size
	c) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass
	d) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size
	e) Two of these are correct

15 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) None of these is correct.
	b) photon exchange
	c) collisions
	d) ion exchange
	e) Two of these are correct

16 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.
	b) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity
	c) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity
	d) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed
	e) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature

17 A starburst galaxy.

	a) is a region of active stellar birth
	b) Two of these are correct
	c) has only dead or dying stars
	d) All of these are correct
	e) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies

Star version D

1

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity
	b) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	c) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	d) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	e) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity

2 A starburst galaxy.

	a) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies
	b) All of these are correct
	c) is a region of active stellar birth
	d) has only dead or dying stars
	e) Two of these are correct

3 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) 1% their mass
	b) 10% of their magnetic field
	c) all of their magnetic field
	d) 50% their mass
	e) 10% their mass

4 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) the release of gravitational energy
	b) the fission of Carbon from Helium
	c) chemical reactions
	d) collisions between protoplanets
	e) the fusion of Helium to Carbon

5 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons
	b) plasma is generic word for "important"
	c) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields
	d) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma
	e) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body

6 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Two of these are correct
	b) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass
	c) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size
	d) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size
	e) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size

7 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed
	b) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature
	c) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity
	d) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.
	e) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity

8 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) T>?RM
	b) P>?MR
	c) M>?RT
	d) R>?MT
	e) P>?MT

9 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 1 thousand years
	b) 1 million years
	c) 10 billion years
	d) 1 billion years
	e) 1 year

10 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) photon exchange
	b) Two of these are correct
	c) ion exchange
	d) collisions
	e) None of these is correct.

11 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) Two of these are true
	b) through a cluster as they are born
	c) through an HR diagram as they die
	d) through a cluster as they die
	e) through an HR diagram as they are born

12 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons
	b) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,
	c) carbon and other elements fusing into iron
	d) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave
	e) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium

13 Stellar parallax is

	a) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance
	b) None of these is correct.
	c) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	d) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	e) Two of these is correct

14 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) none of these is correct
	b) asterisms are smaller than constellations
	c) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.
	d) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA
	e) asterisms are larger than constellations

15 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy
	b) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy
	c) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.
	d) ceases to convert nuclear energy.
	e) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.

16 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) blue giant....red giant
	b) neutron star....black hole
	c) white dwarf....neutron star
	d) white dwarf....black hole
	e) white dwarf...red dwarf

17 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses
	b) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms
	c) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system
	d) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse
	e) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed

Star version E

1 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave
	b) carbon and other elements fusing into iron
	c) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium
	d) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,
	e) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons

2 A starburst galaxy.

	a) has only dead or dying stars
	b) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies
	c) Two of these are correct
	d) is a region of active stellar birth
	e) All of these are correct

3 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 1 thousand years
	b) 1 year
	c) 10 billion years
	d) 1 million years
	e) 1 billion years

4 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy
	b) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy
	c) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.
	d) ceases to convert nuclear energy.
	e) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.

5 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size
	b) Two of these are correct
	c) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size
	d) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass
	e) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size

6 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons
	b) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields
	c) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma
	d) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body
	e) plasma is generic word for "important"

7 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) 1% their mass
	b) all of their magnetic field
	c) 10% of their magnetic field
	d) 10% their mass
	e) 50% their mass

8 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) M>?RT
	b) T>?RM
	c) P>?MR
	d) P>?MT
	e) R>?MT

9 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) white dwarf...red dwarf
	b) blue giant....red giant
	c) neutron star....black hole
	d) white dwarf....neutron star
	e) white dwarf....black hole

10 Stellar parallax is

	a) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	b) None of these is correct.
	c) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance
	d) Two of these is correct
	e) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars

11 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) asterisms are smaller than constellations
	b) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA
	c) asterisms are larger than constellations
	d) none of these is correct
	e) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.

12 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) through a cluster as they die
	b) through a cluster as they are born
	c) through an HR diagram as they die
	d) through an HR diagram as they are born
	e) Two of these are true

13 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) collisions
	b) None of these is correct.
	c) photon exchange
	d) Two of these are correct
	e) ion exchange

14 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) the fission of Carbon from Helium
	b) the release of gravitational energy
	c) collisions between protoplanets
	d) chemical reactions
	e) the fusion of Helium to Carbon

15

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	b) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	c) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	d) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	e) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity

16 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system
	b) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse
	c) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms
	d) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed
	e) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses

17 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity
	b) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity
	c) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature
	d) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.
	e) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed

Star version F

1 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) collisions
	b) Two of these are correct
	c) photon exchange
	d) ion exchange
	e) None of these is correct.

2 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) all of their magnetic field
	b) 10% their mass
	c) 1% their mass
	d) 10% of their magnetic field
	e) 50% their mass

3 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) ceases to convert nuclear energy.
	b) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.
	c) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy
	d) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy
	e) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.

4 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields
	b) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma
	c) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons
	d) plasma is generic word for "important"
	e) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body

5

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	b) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity
	c) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	d) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	e) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity

6 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system
	b) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed
	c) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse
	d) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms
	e) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses

7 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size
	b) Two of these are correct
	c) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size
	d) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size
	e) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass

8 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) through an HR diagram as they die
	b) through a cluster as they die
	c) through a cluster as they are born
	d) through an HR diagram as they are born
	e) Two of these are true

9 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) collisions between protoplanets
	b) the release of gravitational energy
	c) chemical reactions
	d) the fission of Carbon from Helium
	e) the fusion of Helium to Carbon

10 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.
	b) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed
	c) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity
	d) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature
	e) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity

11 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons
	b) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium
	c) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave
	d) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,
	e) carbon and other elements fusing into iron

12 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) neutron star....black hole
	b) blue giant....red giant
	c) white dwarf...red dwarf
	d) white dwarf....black hole
	e) white dwarf....neutron star

13 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) P>?MR
	b) R>?MT
	c) M>?RT
	d) T>?RM
	e) P>?MT

14 A starburst galaxy.

	a) Two of these are correct
	b) All of these are correct
	c) has only dead or dying stars
	d) is a region of active stellar birth
	e) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies

15 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 1 billion years
	b) 10 billion years
	c) 1 year
	d) 1 thousand years
	e) 1 million years

16 Stellar parallax is

	a) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	b) None of these is correct.
	c) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	d) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance
	e) Two of these is correct

17 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) asterisms are smaller than constellations
	b) asterisms are larger than constellations
	c) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA
	d) none of these is correct
	e) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.

Star version G

1 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.
	b) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy
	c) ceases to convert nuclear energy.
	d) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy
	e) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.

2

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity
	b) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	c) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	d) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	e) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature

3 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) blue giant....red giant
	b) white dwarf....neutron star
	c) white dwarf....black hole
	d) neutron star....black hole
	e) white dwarf...red dwarf

4 A starburst galaxy.

	a) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies
	b) is a region of active stellar birth
	c) has only dead or dying stars
	d) All of these are correct
	e) Two of these are correct

5 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity
	b) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.
	c) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature
	d) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity
	e) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed

6 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) asterisms are larger than constellations
	b) none of these is correct
	c) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA
	d) asterisms are smaller than constellations
	e) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.

7 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma
	b) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields
	c) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body
	d) plasma is generic word for "important"
	e) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons

8 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) 10% of their magnetic field
	b) 50% their mass
	c) 10% their mass
	d) all of their magnetic field
	e) 1% their mass

9 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) through a cluster as they are born
	b) through an HR diagram as they die
	c) through an HR diagram as they are born
	d) through a cluster as they die
	e) Two of these are true

10 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size
	b) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size
	c) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size
	d) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass
	e) Two of these are correct

11 Stellar parallax is

	a) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	b) Two of these is correct
	c) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance
	d) None of these is correct.
	e) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars

12 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) the fusion of Helium to Carbon
	b) collisions between protoplanets
	c) the release of gravitational energy
	d) the fission of Carbon from Helium
	e) chemical reactions

13 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 1 billion years
	b) 1 year
	c) 1 thousand years
	d) 1 million years
	e) 10 billion years

14 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms
	b) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse
	c) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system
	d) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed
	e) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses

15 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) carbon and other elements fusing into iron
	b) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,
	c) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium
	d) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave
	e) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons

16 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) P>?MR
	b) M>?RT
	c) R>?MT
	d) T>?RM
	e) P>?MT

17 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) collisions
	b) ion exchange
	c) Two of these are correct
	d) photon exchange
	e) None of these is correct.

Star version H

1 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) collisions
	b) Two of these are correct
	c) None of these is correct.
	d) photon exchange
	e) ion exchange

2 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 10 billion years
	b) 1 thousand years
	c) 1 billion years
	d) 1 million years
	e) 1 year

3 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) 10% of their magnetic field
	b) 10% their mass
	c) 1% their mass
	d) 50% their mass
	e) all of their magnetic field

4 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) R>?MT
	b) P>?MT
	c) M>?RT
	d) P>?MR
	e) T>?RM

5 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) white dwarf....black hole
	b) white dwarf...red dwarf
	c) neutron star....black hole
	d) blue giant....red giant
	e) white dwarf....neutron star

6 Stellar parallax is

	a) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	b) Two of these is correct
	c) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	d) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance
	e) None of these is correct.

7

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	b) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	c) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	d) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity
	e) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature

8 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,
	b) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium
	c) carbon and other elements fusing into iron
	d) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave
	e) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons

9 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy
	b) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy
	c) ceases to convert nuclear energy.
	d) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.
	e) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.

10 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) the release of gravitational energy
	b) the fission of Carbon from Helium
	c) collisions between protoplanets
	d) the fusion of Helium to Carbon
	e) chemical reactions

11 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) Two of these are true
	b) through a cluster as they are born
	c) through a cluster as they die
	d) through an HR diagram as they are born
	e) through an HR diagram as they die

12 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass
	b) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size
	c) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size
	d) Two of these are correct
	e) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size

13 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) none of these is correct
	b) asterisms are larger than constellations
	c) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA
	d) asterisms are smaller than constellations
	e) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.

14 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity
	b) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature
	c) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.
	d) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed
	e) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity

15 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed
	b) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses
	c) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse
	d) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms
	e) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system

16 A starburst galaxy.

	a) is a region of active stellar birth
	b) All of these are correct
	c) has only dead or dying stars
	d) Two of these are correct
	e) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies

17 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields
	b) plasma is generic word for "important"
	c) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body
	d) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma
	e) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons

Star version I

1 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) through a cluster as they die
	b) through an HR diagram as they die
	c) through an HR diagram as they are born
	d) Two of these are true
	e) through a cluster as they are born

2

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	b) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	c) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	d) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity
	e) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature

3 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) P>?MT
	b) P>?MR
	c) M>?RT
	d) R>?MT
	e) T>?RM

4 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy
	b) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.
	c) ceases to convert nuclear energy.
	d) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.
	e) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy

5 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) 10% of their magnetic field
	b) 10% their mass
	c) 50% their mass
	d) all of their magnetic field
	e) 1% their mass

6 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 1 million years
	b) 1 thousand years
	c) 10 billion years
	d) 1 billion years
	e) 1 year

7 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) plasma is generic word for "important"
	b) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma
	c) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields
	d) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body
	e) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons

8 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size
	b) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass
	c) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size
	d) Two of these are correct
	e) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size

9 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) collisions between protoplanets
	b) the fusion of Helium to Carbon
	c) chemical reactions
	d) the fission of Carbon from Helium
	e) the release of gravitational energy

10 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature
	b) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity
	c) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed
	d) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.
	e) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity

11 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) ion exchange
	b) Two of these are correct
	c) photon exchange
	d) None of these is correct.
	e) collisions

12 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed
	b) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms
	c) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse
	d) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses
	e) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system

13 Stellar parallax is

	a) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	b) Two of these is correct
	c) None of these is correct.
	d) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance
	e) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars

14 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons
	b) carbon and other elements fusing into iron
	c) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium
	d) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave
	e) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,

15 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) white dwarf...red dwarf
	b) white dwarf....black hole
	c) neutron star....black hole
	d) white dwarf....neutron star
	e) blue giant....red giant

16 A starburst galaxy.

	a) is a region of active stellar birth
	b) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies
	c) Two of these are correct
	d) All of these are correct
	e) has only dead or dying stars

17 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.
	b) asterisms are larger than constellations
	c) asterisms are smaller than constellations
	d) none of these is correct
	e) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA

Star version J

1

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	b) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	c) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	d) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	e) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity

2 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) P>?MT
	b) T>?RM
	c) M>?RT
	d) R>?MT
	e) P>?MR

3 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) 1% their mass
	b) all of their magnetic field
	c) 50% their mass
	d) 10% their mass
	e) 10% of their magnetic field

4 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 10 billion years
	b) 1 year
	c) 1 million years
	d) 1 thousand years
	e) 1 billion years

5 Stellar parallax is

	a) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance
	b) Two of these is correct
	c) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	d) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	e) None of these is correct.

6 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Two of these are correct
	b) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size
	c) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass
	d) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size
	e) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size

7 A starburst galaxy.

	a) is a region of active stellar birth
	b) Two of these are correct
	c) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies
	d) has only dead or dying stars
	e) All of these are correct

8 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) Two of these are correct
	b) photon exchange
	c) None of these is correct.
	d) collisions
	e) ion exchange

9 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) Two of these are true
	b) through an HR diagram as they die
	c) through a cluster as they are born
	d) through a cluster as they die
	e) through an HR diagram as they are born

10 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.
	b) none of these is correct
	c) asterisms are larger than constellations
	d) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA
	e) asterisms are smaller than constellations

11 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields
	b) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body
	c) plasma is generic word for "important"
	d) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons
	e) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma

12 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) ceases to convert nuclear energy.
	b) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy
	c) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy
	d) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.
	e) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.

13 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) the fusion of Helium to Carbon
	b) collisions between protoplanets
	c) the fission of Carbon from Helium
	d) chemical reactions
	e) the release of gravitational energy

14 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,
	b) carbon and other elements fusing into iron
	c) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium
	d) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave
	e) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons

15 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed
	b) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms
	c) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse
	d) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system
	e) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses

16 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) white dwarf...red dwarf
	b) white dwarf....neutron star
	c) blue giant....red giant
	d) neutron star....black hole
	e) white dwarf....black hole

17 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity
	b) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed
	c) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.
	d) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature
	e) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity

Star version K

1 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) P>?MT
	b) M>?RT
	c) T>?RM
	d) P>?MR
	e) R>?MT

2

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	b) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	c) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity
	d) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	e) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature

3 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma
	b) plasma is generic word for "important"
	c) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body
	d) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields
	e) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons

4 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) through a cluster as they are born
	b) through an HR diagram as they die
	c) through a cluster as they die
	d) Two of these are true
	e) through an HR diagram as they are born

5 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) white dwarf...red dwarf
	b) white dwarf....black hole
	c) neutron star....black hole
	d) blue giant....red giant
	e) white dwarf....neutron star

6 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,
	b) carbon and other elements fusing into iron
	c) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium
	d) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons
	e) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave

7 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms
	b) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse
	c) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed
	d) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses
	e) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system

8 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 1 million years
	b) 1 billion years
	c) 1 year
	d) 10 billion years
	e) 1 thousand years

9 A starburst galaxy.

	a) has only dead or dying stars
	b) is a region of active stellar birth
	c) Two of these are correct
	d) All of these are correct
	e) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies

10 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) none of these is correct
	b) asterisms are larger than constellations
	c) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA
	d) asterisms are smaller than constellations
	e) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.

11 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) 1% their mass
	b) 50% their mass
	c) 10% of their magnetic field
	d) all of their magnetic field
	e) 10% their mass

12 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.
	b) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity
	c) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature
	d) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity
	e) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed

13 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) photon exchange
	b) Two of these are correct
	c) ion exchange
	d) None of these is correct.
	e) collisions

14 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.
	b) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.
	c) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy
	d) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy
	e) ceases to convert nuclear energy.

15 Stellar parallax is

	a) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	b) None of these is correct.
	c) Two of these is correct
	d) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance
	e) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars

16 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) the fusion of Helium to Carbon
	b) collisions between protoplanets
	c) the fission of Carbon from Helium
	d) the release of gravitational energy
	e) chemical reactions

17 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size
	b) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass
	c) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size
	d) Two of these are correct
	e) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size

Star version L

1

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	b) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	c) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	d) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	e) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity

2 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) white dwarf....black hole
	b) white dwarf...red dwarf
	c) white dwarf....neutron star
	d) blue giant....red giant
	e) neutron star....black hole

3 A starburst galaxy.

	a) All of these are correct
	b) has only dead or dying stars
	c) Two of these are correct
	d) is a region of active stellar birth
	e) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies

4 Stellar parallax is

	a) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance
	b) Two of these is correct
	c) None of these is correct.
	d) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	e) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars

5 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) the fission of Carbon from Helium
	b) the fusion of Helium to Carbon
	c) the release of gravitational energy
	d) chemical reactions
	e) collisions between protoplanets

6 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) Two of these are true
	b) through an HR diagram as they are born
	c) through an HR diagram as they die
	d) through a cluster as they are born
	e) through a cluster as they die

7 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields
	b) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body
	c) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons
	d) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma
	e) plasma is generic word for "important"

8 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms
	b) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses
	c) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system
	d) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed
	e) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse

9 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 1 million years
	b) 10 billion years
	c) 1 thousand years
	d) 1 year
	e) 1 billion years

10 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity
	b) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.
	c) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed
	d) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature
	e) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity

11 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) ceases to convert nuclear energy.
	b) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.
	c) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.
	d) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy
	e) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy

12 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) 10% of their magnetic field
	b) 50% their mass
	c) 10% their mass
	d) 1% their mass
	e) all of their magnetic field

13 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium
	b) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons
	c) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,
	d) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave
	e) carbon and other elements fusing into iron

14 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) collisions
	b) ion exchange
	c) None of these is correct.
	d) Two of these are correct
	e) photon exchange

15 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size
	b) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size
	c) Two of these are correct
	d) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size
	e) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass

16 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) none of these is correct
	b) asterisms are larger than constellations
	c) asterisms are smaller than constellations
	d) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.
	e) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA

17 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) R>?MT
	b) P>?MT
	c) P>?MR
	d) M>?RT
	e) T>?RM

Star version M

1 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 1 thousand years
	b) 1 billion years
	c) 1 year
	d) 1 million years
	e) 10 billion years

2 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields
	b) plasma is generic word for "important"
	c) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons
	d) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body
	e) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma

3 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave
	b) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,
	c) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons
	d) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium
	e) carbon and other elements fusing into iron

4 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) none of these is correct
	b) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA
	c) asterisms are larger than constellations
	d) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.
	e) asterisms are smaller than constellations

5 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) photon exchange
	b) ion exchange
	c) Two of these are correct
	d) collisions
	e) None of these is correct.

6 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) white dwarf....black hole
	b) neutron star....black hole
	c) white dwarf...red dwarf
	d) white dwarf....neutron star
	e) blue giant....red giant

7

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	b) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	c) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	d) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity
	e) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature

8 Stellar parallax is

	a) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	b) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance
	c) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	d) None of these is correct.
	e) Two of these is correct

9 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) 50% their mass
	b) 1% their mass
	c) 10% of their magnetic field
	d) 10% their mass
	e) all of their magnetic field

10 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy
	b) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.
	c) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy
	d) ceases to convert nuclear energy.
	e) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.

11 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.
	b) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed
	c) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity
	d) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature
	e) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity

12 A starburst galaxy.

	a) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies
	b) has only dead or dying stars
	c) is a region of active stellar birth
	d) Two of these are correct
	e) All of these are correct

13 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) the fusion of Helium to Carbon
	b) the fission of Carbon from Helium
	c) collisions between protoplanets
	d) the release of gravitational energy
	e) chemical reactions

14 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed
	b) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses
	c) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms
	d) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse
	e) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system

15 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) through an HR diagram as they die
	b) Two of these are true
	c) through a cluster as they are born
	d) through an HR diagram as they are born
	e) through a cluster as they die

16 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass
	b) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size
	c) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size
	d) Two of these are correct
	e) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size

17 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) M>?RT
	b) P>?MT
	c) T>?RM
	d) P>?MR
	e) R>?MT

Star version N

1 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) the fusion of Helium to Carbon
	b) the release of gravitational energy
	c) collisions between protoplanets
	d) the fission of Carbon from Helium
	e) chemical reactions

2 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system
	b) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse
	c) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed
	d) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms
	e) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses

3 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.
	b) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy
	c) ceases to convert nuclear energy.
	d) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy
	e) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.

4 A starburst galaxy.

	a) is a region of active stellar birth
	b) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies
	c) All of these are correct
	d) has only dead or dying stars
	e) Two of these are correct

5 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons
	b) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma
	c) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields
	d) plasma is generic word for "important"
	e) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body

6 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons
	b) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium
	c) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,
	d) carbon and other elements fusing into iron
	e) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave

7 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) none of these is correct
	b) asterisms are larger than constellations
	c) asterisms are smaller than constellations
	d) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.
	e) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA

8 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) Two of these are true
	b) through an HR diagram as they die
	c) through an HR diagram as they are born
	d) through a cluster as they are born
	e) through a cluster as they die

9

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	b) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	c) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity
	d) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	e) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity

10 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) 10% their mass
	b) 10% of their magnetic field
	c) 1% their mass
	d) all of their magnetic field
	e) 50% their mass

11 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) R>?MT
	b) P>?MR
	c) P>?MT
	d) T>?RM
	e) M>?RT

12 Stellar parallax is

	a) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance
	b) Two of these is correct
	c) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	d) None of these is correct.
	e) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars

13 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.
	b) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity
	c) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity
	d) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed
	e) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature

14 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 1 billion years
	b) 1 thousand years
	c) 1 million years
	d) 10 billion years
	e) 1 year

15 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) photon exchange
	b) collisions
	c) Two of these are correct
	d) None of these is correct.
	e) ion exchange

16 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) white dwarf...red dwarf
	b) white dwarf....black hole
	c) blue giant....red giant
	d) white dwarf....neutron star
	e) neutron star....black hole

17 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size
	b) Two of these are correct
	c) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size
	d) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass
	e) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size

Star version O

1 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size
	b) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size
	c) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass
	d) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size
	e) Two of these are correct

2 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) the release of gravitational energy
	b) the fusion of Helium to Carbon
	c) collisions between protoplanets
	d) chemical reactions
	e) the fission of Carbon from Helium

3 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) plasma is generic word for "important"
	b) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons
	c) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields
	d) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma
	e) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body

4 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) white dwarf....neutron star
	b) white dwarf....black hole
	c) neutron star....black hole
	d) white dwarf...red dwarf
	e) blue giant....red giant

5 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 10 billion years
	b) 1 million years
	c) 1 thousand years
	d) 1 year
	e) 1 billion years

6 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) 1% their mass
	b) 50% their mass
	c) 10% their mass
	d) 10% of their magnetic field
	e) all of their magnetic field

7 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium
	b) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave
	c) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,
	d) carbon and other elements fusing into iron
	e) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons

8 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) P>?MR
	b) P>?MT
	c) M>?RT
	d) R>?MT
	e) T>?RM

9 Stellar parallax is

	a) Two of these is correct
	b) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	c) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	d) None of these is correct.
	e) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance

10

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	b) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	c) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	d) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	e) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity

11 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.
	b) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy
	c) ceases to convert nuclear energy.
	d) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.
	e) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy

12 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses
	b) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed
	c) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse
	d) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms
	e) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system

13 A starburst galaxy.

	a) All of these are correct
	b) has only dead or dying stars
	c) is a region of active stellar birth
	d) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies
	e) Two of these are correct

14 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) through an HR diagram as they are born
	b) through a cluster as they die
	c) Two of these are true
	d) through an HR diagram as they die
	e) through a cluster as they are born

15 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) collisions
	b) photon exchange
	c) Two of these are correct
	d) ion exchange
	e) None of these is correct.

16 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature
	b) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed
	c) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity
	d) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.
	e) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity

17 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.
	b) asterisms are larger than constellations
	c) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA
	d) asterisms are smaller than constellations
	e) none of these is correct

Star version P

1

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity
	b) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	c) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	d) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	e) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature

2 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed
	b) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity
	c) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.
	d) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature
	e) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity

3 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 1 billion years
	b) 10 billion years
	c) 1 thousand years
	d) 1 year
	e) 1 million years

4 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size
	b) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size
	c) Two of these are correct
	d) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass
	e) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size

5 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) Two of these are correct
	b) collisions
	c) photon exchange
	d) None of these is correct.
	e) ion exchange

6 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) P>?MT
	b) T>?RM
	c) P>?MR
	d) M>?RT
	e) R>?MT

7 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) none of these is correct
	b) asterisms are smaller than constellations
	c) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.
	d) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA
	e) asterisms are larger than constellations

8 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses
	b) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed
	c) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse
	d) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system
	e) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms

9 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) ceases to convert nuclear energy.
	b) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy
	c) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy
	d) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.
	e) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.

10 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) plasma is generic word for "important"
	b) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body
	c) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields
	d) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons
	e) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma

11 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) blue giant....red giant
	b) neutron star....black hole
	c) white dwarf....neutron star
	d) white dwarf...red dwarf
	e) white dwarf....black hole

12 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) carbon and other elements fusing into iron
	b) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons
	c) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,
	d) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave
	e) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium

13 Stellar parallax is

	a) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	b) Two of these is correct
	c) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	d) None of these is correct.
	e) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance

14 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) chemical reactions
	b) the fusion of Helium to Carbon
	c) the release of gravitational energy
	d) the fission of Carbon from Helium
	e) collisions between protoplanets

15 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) Two of these are true
	b) through a cluster as they are born
	c) through an HR diagram as they are born
	d) through an HR diagram as they die
	e) through a cluster as they die

16 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) 10% of their magnetic field
	b) 1% their mass
	c) all of their magnetic field
	d) 50% their mass
	e) 10% their mass

17 A starburst galaxy.

	a) All of these are correct
	b) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies
	c) is a region of active stellar birth
	d) Two of these are correct
	e) has only dead or dying stars

Star version Q

1 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body
	b) plasma is generic word for "important"
	c) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields
	d) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma
	e) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons

2 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system
	b) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed
	c) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse
	d) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses
	e) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms

3 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) none of these is correct
	b) asterisms are smaller than constellations
	c) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA
	d) asterisms are larger than constellations
	e) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.

4 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 1 million years
	b) 10 billion years
	c) 1 billion years
	d) 1 year
	e) 1 thousand years

5 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,
	b) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave
	c) carbon and other elements fusing into iron
	d) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons
	e) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium

6 Stellar parallax is

	a) Two of these is correct
	b) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance
	c) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	d) None of these is correct.
	e) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars

7 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) through an HR diagram as they die
	b) Two of these are true
	c) through a cluster as they die
	d) through a cluster as they are born
	e) through an HR diagram as they are born

8 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) collisions
	b) None of these is correct.
	c) Two of these are correct
	d) ion exchange
	e) photon exchange

9 A starburst galaxy.

	a) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies
	b) has only dead or dying stars
	c) All of these are correct
	d) Two of these are correct
	e) is a region of active stellar birth

10 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) the fission of Carbon from Helium
	b) chemical reactions
	c) the release of gravitational energy
	d) collisions between protoplanets
	e) the fusion of Helium to Carbon

11 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size
	b) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size
	c) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass
	d) Two of these are correct
	e) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size

12 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) white dwarf...red dwarf
	b) blue giant....red giant
	c) white dwarf....black hole
	d) neutron star....black hole
	e) white dwarf....neutron star

13 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.
	b) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.
	c) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy
	d) ceases to convert nuclear energy.
	e) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy

14

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	b) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	c) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	d) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	e) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity

15 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) 10% their mass
	b) 10% of their magnetic field
	c) 50% their mass
	d) all of their magnetic field
	e) 1% their mass

16 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed
	b) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity
	c) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.
	d) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature
	e) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity

17 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) T>?RM
	b) P>?MR
	c) M>?RT
	d) P>?MT
	e) R>?MT

Star version R

1 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) ceases to convert nuclear energy.
	b) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.
	c) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.
	d) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy
	e) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy

2 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.
	b) none of these is correct
	c) asterisms are larger than constellations
	d) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA
	e) asterisms are smaller than constellations

3 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size
	b) Two of these are correct
	c) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass
	d) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size
	e) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size

4 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) 10% of their magnetic field
	b) all of their magnetic field
	c) 50% their mass
	d) 10% their mass
	e) 1% their mass

5 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body
	b) plasma is generic word for "important"
	c) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields
	d) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons
	e) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma

6

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity
	b) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	c) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	d) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	e) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature

7 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) P>?MR
	b) P>?MT
	c) R>?MT
	d) T>?RM
	e) M>?RT

8 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) through a cluster as they are born
	b) Two of these are true
	c) through an HR diagram as they die
	d) through a cluster as they die
	e) through an HR diagram as they are born

9 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 1 year
	b) 1 million years
	c) 10 billion years
	d) 1 billion years
	e) 1 thousand years

10 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) Two of these are correct
	b) None of these is correct.
	c) photon exchange
	d) collisions
	e) ion exchange

11 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons
	b) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave
	c) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,
	d) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium
	e) carbon and other elements fusing into iron

12 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) the fission of Carbon from Helium
	b) collisions between protoplanets
	c) the fusion of Helium to Carbon
	d) the release of gravitational energy
	e) chemical reactions

13 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.
	b) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature
	c) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity
	d) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed
	e) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity

14 Stellar parallax is

	a) Two of these is correct
	b) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance
	c) None of these is correct.
	d) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	e) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars

15 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) white dwarf....black hole
	b) white dwarf....neutron star
	c) neutron star....black hole
	d) white dwarf...red dwarf
	e) blue giant....red giant

16 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses
	b) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse
	c) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system
	d) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms
	e) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed

17 A starburst galaxy.

	a) All of these are correct
	b) is a region of active stellar birth
	c) has only dead or dying stars
	d) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies
	e) Two of these are correct

Star version S

1 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) through an HR diagram as they die
	b) through a cluster as they die
	c) through a cluster as they are born
	d) through an HR diagram as they are born
	e) Two of these are true

2 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) Two of these are correct
	b) ion exchange
	c) None of these is correct.
	d) photon exchange
	e) collisions

3 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity
	b) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity
	c) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.
	d) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature
	e) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed

4 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,
	b) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons
	c) carbon and other elements fusing into iron
	d) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium
	e) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave

5 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) 50% their mass
	b) 10% of their magnetic field
	c) all of their magnetic field
	d) 1% their mass
	e) 10% their mass

6 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) T>?RM
	b) R>?MT
	c) P>?MT
	d) P>?MR
	e) M>?RT

7 A starburst galaxy.

	a) has only dead or dying stars
	b) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies
	c) All of these are correct
	d) is a region of active stellar birth
	e) Two of these are correct

8 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms
	b) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses
	c) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse
	d) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system
	e) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed

9 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) white dwarf...red dwarf
	b) white dwarf....black hole
	c) white dwarf....neutron star
	d) blue giant....red giant
	e) neutron star....black hole

10 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.
	b) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.
	c) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy
	d) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy
	e) ceases to convert nuclear energy.

11 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size
	b) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size
	c) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass
	d) Two of these are correct
	e) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size

12 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 1 billion years
	b) 10 billion years
	c) 1 thousand years
	d) 1 million years
	e) 1 year

13 Stellar parallax is

	a) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	b) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance
	c) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	d) Two of these is correct
	e) None of these is correct.

14 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) the fusion of Helium to Carbon
	b) the fission of Carbon from Helium
	c) collisions between protoplanets
	d) chemical reactions
	e) the release of gravitational energy

15 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA
	b) none of these is correct
	c) asterisms are smaller than constellations
	d) asterisms are larger than constellations
	e) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.

16 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields
	b) plasma is generic word for "important"
	c) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons
	d) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma
	e) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body

17

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	b) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	c) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity
	d) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	e) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity

Star version T

1 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) asterisms are smaller than constellations
	b) asterisms are larger than constellations
	c) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA
	d) none of these is correct
	e) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.

2 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields
	b) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body
	c) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons
	d) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma
	e) plasma is generic word for "important"

3 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) neutron star....black hole
	b) white dwarf...red dwarf
	c) white dwarf....black hole
	d) blue giant....red giant
	e) white dwarf....neutron star

4 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) R>?MT
	b) P>?MT
	c) M>?RT
	d) P>?MR
	e) T>?RM

5 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.
	b) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed
	c) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature
	d) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity
	e) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity

6 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) collisions
	b) photon exchange
	c) ion exchange
	d) Two of these are correct
	e) None of these is correct.

7 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) all of their magnetic field
	b) 10% of their magnetic field
	c) 1% their mass
	d) 50% their mass
	e) 10% their mass

8 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) carbon and other elements fusing into iron
	b) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium
	c) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons
	d) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,
	e) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave

9

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	b) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity
	c) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	d) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	e) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature

10 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) ceases to convert nuclear energy.
	b) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.
	c) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy
	d) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.
	e) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy

11 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Two of these are correct
	b) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size
	c) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size
	d) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size
	e) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass

12 A starburst galaxy.

	a) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies
	b) is a region of active stellar birth
	c) All of these are correct
	d) has only dead or dying stars
	e) Two of these are correct

13 Stellar parallax is

	a) None of these is correct.
	b) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	c) Two of these is correct
	d) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance
	e) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars

14 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 1 million years
	b) 10 billion years
	c) 1 thousand years
	d) 1 year
	e) 1 billion years

15 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) through a cluster as they die
	b) through an HR diagram as they die
	c) Two of these are true
	d) through a cluster as they are born
	e) through an HR diagram as they are born

16 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) chemical reactions
	b) the fusion of Helium to Carbon
	c) the fission of Carbon from Helium
	d) collisions between protoplanets
	e) the release of gravitational energy

17 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system
	b) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed
	c) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms
	d) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses
	e) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse

Star version U

1 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) white dwarf...red dwarf
	b) blue giant....red giant
	c) neutron star....black hole
	d) white dwarf....neutron star
	e) white dwarf....black hole

2 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses
	b) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed
	c) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse
	d) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system
	e) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms

3 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) P>?MT
	b) P>?MR
	c) T>?RM
	d) M>?RT
	e) R>?MT

4 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) 10% their mass
	b) 50% their mass
	c) 10% of their magnetic field
	d) 1% their mass
	e) all of their magnetic field

5 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) asterisms are larger than constellations
	b) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA
	c) asterisms are smaller than constellations
	d) none of these is correct
	e) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.

6 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields
	b) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons
	c) plasma is generic word for "important"
	d) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma
	e) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body

7

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	b) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	c) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	d) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity
	e) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity

8 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,
	b) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons
	c) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave
	d) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium
	e) carbon and other elements fusing into iron

9 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) through an HR diagram as they die
	b) through a cluster as they die
	c) through a cluster as they are born
	d) Two of these are true
	e) through an HR diagram as they are born

10 Stellar parallax is

	a) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	b) Two of these is correct
	c) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	d) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance
	e) None of these is correct.

11 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) ceases to convert nuclear energy.
	b) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.
	c) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy
	d) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.
	e) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy

12 A starburst galaxy.

	a) All of these are correct
	b) is a region of active stellar birth
	c) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies
	d) has only dead or dying stars
	e) Two of these are correct

13 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 1 billion years
	b) 1 year
	c) 1 thousand years
	d) 10 billion years
	e) 1 million years

14 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size
	b) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass
	c) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size
	d) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size
	e) Two of these are correct

15 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) Two of these are correct
	b) photon exchange
	c) ion exchange
	d) None of these is correct.
	e) collisions

16 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) the release of gravitational energy
	b) the fission of Carbon from Helium
	c) the fusion of Helium to Carbon
	d) collisions between protoplanets
	e) chemical reactions

17 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed
	b) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature
	c) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity
	d) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity
	e) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.

Star version V

1 A starburst galaxy.

	a) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies
	b) Two of these are correct
	c) has only dead or dying stars
	d) All of these are correct
	e) is a region of active stellar birth

2 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) P>?MR
	b) P>?MT
	c) R>?MT
	d) M>?RT
	e) T>?RM

3 Stellar parallax is

	a) None of these is correct.
	b) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	c) Two of these is correct
	d) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance
	e) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars

4 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size
	b) Two of these are correct
	c) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size
	d) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size
	e) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass

5 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) white dwarf...red dwarf
	b) blue giant....red giant
	c) neutron star....black hole
	d) white dwarf....neutron star
	e) white dwarf....black hole

6 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) carbon and other elements fusing into iron
	b) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave
	c) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium
	d) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,
	e) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons

7 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) the release of gravitational energy
	b) chemical reactions
	c) the fusion of Helium to Carbon
	d) collisions between protoplanets
	e) the fission of Carbon from Helium

8 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses
	b) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system
	c) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse
	d) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed
	e) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms

9 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.
	b) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.
	c) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy
	d) ceases to convert nuclear energy.
	e) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy

10 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.
	b) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed
	c) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity
	d) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity
	e) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature

11 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) through an HR diagram as they are born
	b) through a cluster as they die
	c) through an HR diagram as they die
	d) Two of these are true
	e) through a cluster as they are born

12

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	b) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity
	c) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	d) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	e) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity

13 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) photon exchange
	b) ion exchange
	c) None of these is correct.
	d) Two of these are correct
	e) collisions

14 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) 10% their mass
	b) 50% their mass
	c) all of their magnetic field
	d) 1% their mass
	e) 10% of their magnetic field

15 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body
	b) plasma is generic word for "important"
	c) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma
	d) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons
	e) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields

16 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA
	b) asterisms are smaller than constellations
	c) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.
	d) none of these is correct
	e) asterisms are larger than constellations

17 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 1 year
	b) 10 billion years
	c) 1 billion years
	d) 1 million years
	e) 1 thousand years

Star version W

1 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) P>?MR
	b) T>?RM
	c) R>?MT
	d) P>?MT
	e) M>?RT

2 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) the fission of Carbon from Helium
	b) the fusion of Helium to Carbon
	c) the release of gravitational energy
	d) collisions between protoplanets
	e) chemical reactions

3 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity
	b) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.
	c) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed
	d) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity
	e) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature

4 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) none of these is correct
	b) asterisms are smaller than constellations
	c) asterisms are larger than constellations
	d) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.
	e) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA

5 A starburst galaxy.

	a) Two of these are correct
	b) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies
	c) has only dead or dying stars
	d) is a region of active stellar birth
	e) All of these are correct

6 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma
	b) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body
	c) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons
	d) plasma is generic word for "important"
	e) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields

7 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 1 thousand years
	b) 1 million years
	c) 1 year
	d) 1 billion years
	e) 10 billion years

8 Stellar parallax is

	a) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	b) None of these is correct.
	c) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	d) Two of these is correct
	e) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance

9 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) Two of these are true
	b) through an HR diagram as they are born
	c) through an HR diagram as they die
	d) through a cluster as they die
	e) through a cluster as they are born

10 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms
	b) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed
	c) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse
	d) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses
	e) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system

11 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size
	b) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass
	c) Two of these are correct
	d) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size
	e) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size

12

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	b) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	c) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	d) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	e) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity

13 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave
	b) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,
	c) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium
	d) carbon and other elements fusing into iron
	e) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons

14 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy
	b) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy
	c) ceases to convert nuclear energy.
	d) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.
	e) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.

15 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) white dwarf....neutron star
	b) neutron star....black hole
	c) white dwarf....black hole
	d) white dwarf...red dwarf
	e) blue giant....red giant

16 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) 50% their mass
	b) 10% of their magnetic field
	c) 10% their mass
	d) all of their magnetic field
	e) 1% their mass

17 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) None of these is correct.
	b) ion exchange
	c) Two of these are correct
	d) photon exchange
	e) collisions

Star version X

1 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium
	b) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons
	c) carbon and other elements fusing into iron
	d) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave
	e) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,

2 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) R>?MT
	b) T>?RM
	c) P>?MR
	d) M>?RT
	e) P>?MT

3 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) the fission of Carbon from Helium
	b) the fusion of Helium to Carbon
	c) the release of gravitational energy
	d) collisions between protoplanets
	e) chemical reactions

4 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) through a cluster as they die
	b) Two of these are true
	c) through an HR diagram as they die
	d) through a cluster as they are born
	e) through an HR diagram as they are born

5

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	b) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	c) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	d) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	e) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity

6 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.
	b) ceases to convert nuclear energy.
	c) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy
	d) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.
	e) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy

7 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields
	b) plasma is generic word for "important"
	c) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons
	d) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma
	e) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body

8 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature
	b) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed
	c) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity
	d) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.
	e) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity

9 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) 1% their mass
	b) 10% of their magnetic field
	c) 10% their mass
	d) 50% their mass
	e) all of their magnetic field

10 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) white dwarf...red dwarf
	b) white dwarf....black hole
	c) white dwarf....neutron star
	d) blue giant....red giant
	e) neutron star....black hole

11 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses
	b) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse
	c) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed
	d) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms
	e) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system

12 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size
	b) Two of these are correct
	c) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass
	d) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size
	e) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size

13 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) photon exchange
	b) Two of these are correct
	c) None of these is correct.
	d) collisions
	e) ion exchange

14 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) asterisms are larger than constellations
	b) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA
	c) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.
	d) none of these is correct
	e) asterisms are smaller than constellations

15 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 1 thousand years
	b) 1 billion years
	c) 10 billion years
	d) 1 year
	e) 1 million years

16 Stellar parallax is

	a) Two of these is correct
	b) None of these is correct.
	c) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	d) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance
	e) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars

17 A starburst galaxy.

	a) Two of these are correct
	b) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies
	c) All of these are correct
	d) has only dead or dying stars
	e) is a region of active stellar birth

Star version Y

1 Which of the following expresses Jean's criterion for the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of mass, M, radius, R, and temperature T, and pressure P? (Here ? is some constant)

	a) P>?MR
	b) T>?RM
	c) R>?MT
	d) P>?MT
	e) M>?RT

2 What happens if you increase the size of a giant molecular cloud while keeping temperature and mass fixed?

	a) It is more likely to collapse because this will increase the temperature
	b) It is less likely to collapse spreading it out weakens the force of gravity
	c) It is less likely to collapse because temperature can never be kept fixed
	d) It is more likely to collapse because larger things have more gravity
	e) It is equally likely to collapse because size is not part of the Jean's criterion.

3 What is a Bok globule in the formation of stellar systems?

	a) A cluster of giant molecular clouds that coalesce to form a solar system
	b) A supernovae precurser that attracts more gas atoms
	c) A small planet that formed before any stars have formed
	d) A black hole that enters a cloud and triggers the collapse
	e) A small portion of a giant cloud that collapses

4 A dying star with more than 1.4 solar masses becomes a ______, and those with more than 5 solar masses becomes a _____

	a) white dwarf....black hole
	b) neutron star....black hole
	c) blue giant....red giant
	d) white dwarf....neutron star
	e) white dwarf...red dwarf

5 A starburst galaxy.

	a) has only dead or dying stars
	b) All of these are correct
	c) usually is a result of collisions between galaxies
	d) Two of these are correct
	e) is a region of active stellar birth

6

How do low-mass stars change as they are born?

Birth of stars HR path tracks

	a) Increasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	b) Increasing luminosity with no change in temperature
	c) Decreasing temperature with no change in luminosity
	d) Decreasing temperature and increasing luminosity
	e) Decreasing luminosity with no change in temperature

7 Pre–main sequence stars are often surrounded by a protoplanetary disk and powered mainly by

	a) the fusion of Helium to Carbon
	b) the fission of Carbon from Helium
	c) collisions between protoplanets
	d) the release of gravitational energy
	e) chemical reactions

8 Which of the following changes in the properties of a giant molecular cloud might cause it to collapse?

	a) Increase temperature at fixed mass and size
	b) Increase mass at fixed temperature and size
	c) Two of these are correct
	d) Decrease mass at fixed temperature and size
	e) Increase size at fixed pressure and mass

9 When a star with more than 10 solar masses ceases fuse hydrogen to helium, it

	a) it fuses helium to carbon and other elements up to iron and then ceases to produce more energy
	b) it fuses helium to carbon to iron (and other elements), then continues to release more energy by fusing the iron to heavier elements such as uranium.
	c) it fuses helium to carbon and then ceases to produce more energy
	d) it fuses elements up to uranium, and continues to produce energy by the fission of uranium.
	e) ceases to convert nuclear energy.

10 Stars that begin with more than 50 solar masses will typically lose _______ while on the main sequence.

	a) all of their magnetic field
	b) 10% of their magnetic field
	c) 1% their mass
	d) 50% their mass
	e) 10% their mass

11 Giant molecular clouds with sufficient conditions to form a star cluster would have formed them long ago. Any stellar births in the past couple of billions years probably resulted from _____ between clouds.

	a) ion exchange
	b) Two of these are correct
	c) collisions
	d) photon exchange
	e) None of these is correct.

12 Stellar parallax is

	a) None of these is correct.
	b) Triangulation to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	c) Using spectral lines to deduce the distance to nearby stars
	d) Two of these is correct
	e) Using changes in the angular position of a star to deduce the star’s distance

13 According to Wikipedia, a star with over 20 solar masses converts its Hyrogen to Helium in about 8 billion years, but the conversion of Oxygen to heavier elements take about _____

	a) 1 billion years
	b) 10 billion years
	c) 1 thousand years
	d) 1 year
	e) 1 million years

14 What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

	a) none of these is correct
	b) asterisms are larger than constellations
	c) constellations represent regions of the sky, like state boundaries on a map of the USA
	d) constellations consist of never more than ten stars.
	e) asterisms are smaller than constellations

15 Many supernovae begin as a shock wave in the core that was caused by

	a) the conversion of carbon into diamonds,
	b) electrons being driven into protons to form neutrons
	c) carbon and other elements fusing into iron
	d) iron fusing into heavier elements such as uranium
	e) all of these processes contribute to the shock wave

16 Why is a star made of plasma?

	a) plasma is always present when there are strong magnetic fields
	b) it is so hot that electrons are stripped away from the protons
	c) the intense gravity liquifies the substance, just as red blood cells liquify plasma in the body
	d) the interstellar gas was mostly plasma
	e) plasma is generic word for "important"

17 The Hayashi and Henyey tracks refer to how T Tauri of different masses will move

	a) through an HR diagram as they die
	b) Two of these are true
	c) through an HR diagram as they are born
	d) through a cluster as they die
	e) through a cluster as they are born