Talk:PlanetPhysics/Quantum Paradoxes 2

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 \section{Quantum `Paradoxes'}

A \emph{paradox} is a statement which has either an apparent or a real self-inconsistency (such as ``A and non-A''), thus contradicting the logical principle of excluded third (`tertium non datur')

In the early stages of \htmladdnormallink{quantum theory}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/QuantumOperatorAlgebra5.html} development there were at least two suggested paradoxes, one reported by Schr\"odinger and the other reported by Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen. These \htmladdnormallink{quantum `paradoxes}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/EinsteinPodolskyRosenParadox.html}' are as follows:

1. The `Schr\"odinger cat paradox' in a thought (or `gedanken') experiment
that supposedly shows that a ``cat is neither alive nor dead'' but in a
superposition of the so-called `live' and `dead' states. A related version of this `paradox' is the two-slit experiment in which, for example, `an electron passes through two slits at the same time, thus interferring with itself and resulting in a diffraction pattern at the detector behind the two slits'; however, if the
electron \htmladdnormallink{position}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Position.html} is determined before reaching the two slits the diffraction pattern, of course, disappears, as only one electron possible state exists--that
which was already measured or observed.

The \htmladdnormallink{wave-particle duality}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/TransversalWave.html} proposed by Louis deBroglie, and readily accepted by \htmladdnormallink{Albert Einstein}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/AlbertEinstein.html}, is thought to remove this \htmladdnormallink{type}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Bijective.html} of quantum `paradox', although it simply shifts the argument to the \htmladdnormallink{quantum logic}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/LQG2.html} realm where quantum micro-entitites such as an electron or any other \htmladdnormallink{quantum `particle}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/QuantumParticle.html}' can simultaneously
possess an associated \htmladdnormallink{wave}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CosmologicalConstant2.html} (or `character'); the existence of the associated wave of a quantum particle was later elaborated in \htmladdnormallink{quantum field theories}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/SpaceTimeQuantizationInQuantumGravityTheories.html} (\htmladdnormallink{QFT}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/HotFusion.html})
in the form of `virtual photons' that mediate the electromagnetic interactions
between charged quantum particles such as electrons, protons, ions, etc.


2. The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (or \htmladdnormallink{EPR}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/FluorescenceCrossCorrelationSpectroscopy.html}) `paradox' is a thought experiment that reveals the non-local character of quantum theory, and was presented initially
as `proof that Quantum Mechanics' is incomplete, because quantum non-locality was proposed to contradict both Special and \htmladdnormallink{general relativity}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/SR.html} theories.

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