Talk:PlanetPhysics/Quantum Operator Concept
Original TeX Content from PlanetPhysics Archive[edit source]
%%% This file is part of PlanetPhysics snapshot of 2011-09-01 %%% Primary Title: quantum operator concept %%% Primary Category Code: 03.65.Ca %%% Filename: QuantumOperatorConcept.tex %%% Version: 5 %%% Owner: bloftin %%% Author(s): bloftin %%% PlanetPhysics is released under the GNU Free Documentation License. %%% You should have received a file called fdl.txt along with this file. %%% If not, please write to gnu@gnu.org. \documentclass[12pt]{article} \pagestyle{empty} \setlength{\paperwidth}{8.5in} \setlength{\paperheight}{11in}
\setlength{\topmargin}{0.00in} \setlength{\headsep}{0.00in} \setlength{\headheight}{0.00in} \setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.00in} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.00in} \setlength{\textwidth}{6.5in} \setlength{\textheight}{9.00in} \setlength{\voffset}{0.00in} \setlength{\hoffset}{0.00in} \setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.00in} \setlength{\marginparsep}{0.00in} \setlength{\parindent}{0.00in} \setlength{\parskip}{0.15in}
\usepackage{html}
% this is the default PlanetMath preamble. as your knowledge % of TeX increases, you will probably want to edit this, but % it should be fine as is for beginners.
% almost certainly you want these \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{amsfonts}
% used for TeXing text within eps files %\usepackage{psfrag} % need this for including graphics (\includegraphics) %\usepackage{graphicx} % for neatly defining theorems and propositions %\usepackage{amsthm} % making logically defined graphics %\usepackage{xypic}
% there are many more packages, add them here as you need them
% define commands here
\begin{document}
Consider the \htmladdnormallink{function}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Bijective.html} $\frac{\partial \Psi}{\partial t}$, the derivative of $\Psi$ with respect to time; one can say that the \htmladdnormallink{operator}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/QuantumOperatorAlgebra4.html} $\frac{\partial}{\partial t}$ acting on the function $\Psi$ yields the function $\frac{\partial \Psi}{\partial t}$. More generally, if a certain \htmladdnormallink{operation}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Cod.html} allows us to bring into correspondence with each function $\Psi$ of a certain function space, one and only one well-defined function $\Psi^{\prime}$ of that same space, one says the $\Psi^{\prime}$ is obtained through the action of a given \emph{operator} $A$ on the function $\Psi$, and one writes
$$ \Psi^{\prime} = A \Psi. $$
By definition $A$ is a \emph{linear operator} if its action on the function $\lambda_1 \Psi_1 + \lambda_2 \Psi_2$, a linear combination with constant (complex) coefficients, of two functions of this function space, is given by
$$ A\left( \lambda_1 \Psi_1 + \lambda_2 \Psi_2 \right) = \lambda_1 \left( A \Psi_1 \right ) + \lambda_2 \left ( A \Psi \right ). $$
Among the linear operators acting on the \htmladdnormallink{wave}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CosmologicalConstant2.html} functions
$$ \Psi := \Psi(\mathbf{r},t) := \Psi(x,y,z,t) $$
associated with a \htmladdnormallink{particle}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Particle.html}, let us mention:
\begin{enumerate}
\item the differential operators ${\partial} / {\partial} x$,${\partial} / {\partial} y$,${\partial} / {\partial} z$,${\partial} / {\partial} t$, such as the one which was considered above;
\item the operators of the form $f(\mathbf{r},t)$ whose action consists in multiplying the function $\Psi$ by the function $f(\mathbf{r},t)$
\end{enumerate}
Starting from certain linear operators, one can form new linear operators by the following \htmladdnormallink{algebraic}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CoIntersections.html} operations:
\begin{enumerate}
\item multiplication of an operator $A$ by a constant $c$:
$$ (cA)\Psi := c(A\Psi) $$
\item the sum $S = A + B$ of two operators $A$ and $B$:
$$ S\Psi := A \Psi + B \Psi $$
\item the product $P=AB$ of an operator $B$ by the operator $A$:
\end{enumerate}
Note that in contrast to the sum, \emph{the product of two operators is not commutative}. Therein lies a very important difference between the algebra of linear operators and ordinary algebra.
The product $AB$ is not necessarily identical to the product $BA$; in the first case, $B$ first acts on the function $\Psi$, then $A$ acts upon the function $(B\Psi)$ to give the final result; in the second case, the roles of $A$ and $B$ are inverted. The difference $AB-BA$ of these two quantities is called the \emph{commutator} of $A$ and $B$; it is represented by the symbol $[A,B]$:
\begin{equation} [A,B] := AB - BA \end{equation}
If this difference vanishes, one says that the two operators commute:
$$AB = BA$$
As an example of operators which do not commute, we mention the operator $f(x)$, multiplication by function $f(x)$, and the differential operator ${\partial} / {\partial x}$. Indeed we have, for any $\Psi$,
$$ \frac{\partial}{\partial x} f(x) \Psi = \frac{\partial}{\partial x} (f \Psi) = \frac{ \partial f}{\partial x} \Psi + f \frac{\partial \Psi}{\partial x} = \left ( \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} + f \frac{\partial}{\partial x} \right ) \Psi $$
In other words
\begin{equation} \left [ \frac{\partial}{\partial x},f(x) \right ] = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} \end{equation}
and, in particular
\begin{equation} \left [ \frac{\partial}{\partial x},x \right ] = 1 \end{equation}
However, any pair of derivative operators such as ${\partial} / {\partial} x$,${\partial} / {\partial} y$,${\partial} / {\partial} z$,${\partial} / {\partial} t$, commute.
A typical example of a linear operator formed by sum and product of linear operators is the \htmladdnormallink{Laplacian}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/LaplaceOperator.html} operator
$$ \nabla^2 := \frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2} + \frac{\partial^2}{\partial y^2} + \frac{\partial^2}{\partial z^2} $$
which one may consider as the \htmladdnormallink{scalar product}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/DotProduct.html} of the \htmladdnormallink{vector}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Vectors.html} operator \htmladdnormallink{gradient}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Gradient.html} $\nabla := \left( \frac{\partial}{\partial x},\frac{\partial}{\partial y},\frac{\partial}{\partial z}\right )$, by itself.
\subsection{References}
[1] Messiah, Albert. "\htmladdnormallink{Quantum mechanics}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/QuantumParadox.html}: \htmladdnormallink{volume}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Volume.html} I." Amsterdam, North-Holland Pub. Co.; New York, Interscience Publishers, 1961-62.
This entry is a derivative of the Public \htmladdnormallink{domain}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Bijective.html} \htmladdnormallink{work}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Work.html} [1].
\end{document}