Big bang

(from Controversies in Science)

According to the Big Bang model, the Universe expanded from an extremely dense and hot state and continues to expand today. A common analogy explains that space itself is expanding, carrying galaxies with it, like spots on an inflating balloon. The graphic scheme above is an artist's concept illustrating the expansion of a portion of a flat universe.

Was there a Big Bang?

Points For

Möbius strip, infinite space?

The Big Bang theory requires the universe to expand. There are no lengthwise boundaries on a Möbius strip although the width is limited. The Möbius strip helps to explain how the universe is able to expand by looking at it as a balloon. If the Möbius strip is thought of as a balloon then the width boundary would be eliminated.

Expansion is accelerating, Big bang theory is TRUE

The boundaries of the universe are moving because the composed homogeneous isotropic cosmic fluids. Since the boundaries are moving, it will cause a negative pressure which will equal to the energy. This will cause the universe to expand at an accelerated rate. The method to this was that the scientists measure how far the red stars are and measure the growth acceleration of the star. The results were that the dark energy is negative which is causing growth acceleration of the stars which proves that the big bang theory is correct.

Dark Energy supports Big Bang

Astronomers observed that the Universe appears to still be in the process of expansion, the rate of which is speeding up. This observation strongly suggests that the Universe contains Dark Energy, which is believed to be responsible for this increased rate of speed. Scientists currently believe that approximately 70% of the universe is comprised of Dark Energy.

One possible theory as to why Dark Energy causes an increased rate of expansion suggests that there is not enough matter to slow expansion. Using this theory, expansion would continue until the Universe reaches the Big Chill. Alternatively, it would expand to such a point that it would begin to retract causing a state known as the Big Crunch.

discovery of accelerated expansion

The universe is not only still expanding, the expansion is accelerating! This supports the big bang, because if it's expanding, a long time ago it must have been smaller, which is the principle of big bang .

Understanding of the structure of energy leads to incorrect arguments against big bang theory

Einstein's Theory of Space and Time asserts that energy and light are smooth; leading to the assumption that cosmic background radiation (CBR) would be evenly distributed when observed. CBR observations have shown that radiation fluctuates over the observed area, this suggests that the big bang theory is incorrect. However, because energy is filled with hills and valleys (it is not smooth), it makes sense that we would see varying densities when observing CBR. Think of a desk, at the macro level it appears to us as smooth, but micro observations prove otherwise, this same error is akin to what's happening with the CBR related arguments disproving big bang theory.

Evidence for this error in Einstein's theory comes from the introduction of Quantum Physics to Space Time Physics supported by Stephen Hawking's Theory of Hawking Radiation which argues black holes convert energy information into different forms.

Astronomers support the big bang theory

The big bang theory is a comprehensive explanation of how the universe came to existence .

Scientists are lacking creditability

Individuals who refute the big bang theory fail to mention the scientists and their credentials that support them. Further research has shown that many of these scientists are from Creationists Research Institute..

Support of Many Sciences

There are many scientific fields that support the big bang theory. Including cosmology, astronomy, quantum physics and chemistry .

Always Being Tested

The big bang theory is always being tested, therefore, more knowledge is gained to support the theory .

Public Representations

Highly influential public figures misunderstand the big bang theory and therefore misrepresent the theory to the public .

Dueterium found in the universe matches that which was predicted to exist due to the big bang

First, Deuterium abundance does not have a current known cosmological explanation and is therefore associated with the big bang as this is the only force capable of creating an abundance. The same is true for other rare elements. Second, the discovery of blue dwarf galaxies that have an abundance of light elements such as helium and a scarcity of heavy elements such as oxygen and neon show that these are young systems, which is significant due to their positioning .

The 4He Measurements Predict Big Bang

They have found that the 4He measurements, which the theory underestimated is now vindicated by a more accurate theory.

Points Against

Contradicted by observations (Group 6)

There is no proof that the three entities (inflation field, dark matter, and dark energy) needed for the big bang exist.

The Universe Has No Beginning? Doubts about the Big Bang Theory

There is considerable possibility that time reversal exists in the universe. This possibility increases upon the greater discoveries of black matter. Even if black matter were to be removed from the theory, the Big Bang Theory would be hypothetically removed as well since the Big Bang Theory could not exist without it. Since black matter has not yet been proven to exist, it is too early to treat the Big Bang as anything more than just a theory.

The Universe is made up of plasma

In 1896, Kristian Birkeland introduced the idea of Plasma Astrophysics and Cosmology. It is believed that the universe is filled entirely of plasma. The idea of a universal force (i.e. The Big Bang Theory) creating matter is flawed in theory due to the basis of this study. Birkeland observed that plasma moves and flows in the same manner in the laboratory as it does in space. Essentially this theory supports the universal concept that matter was not created through a universal force, but rather was always present.

relies on theoretical forces

The Big bang theory requires dark energy to exist. Dark energy is a theoretical force, we can't actually measure it.

Stars Older than the Universe?

Astrophysicists Jayant Narlikar and Vijay Mohan of the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics may have disproven the Big Bang theory by discovering a 20 billion year old cluster of about 50 stars. This is significant because this means the cluster was born 6.3 billion years before the Big Bang is said to have occurred. The age of the stars was determined in the Hubble observatory and a Chilean observatory to study the colour of the stars and the way they had been emitting energy. The stars were found to be Red Giants (stars in their late stages of life). It is therefore likely that our universe was formed through a series of events rather than just one "Big Bang". Narlikar and Mohan plan to publish their findings in an international journal since the current community of Big Bang opposition is currently miniscule.

Slow and Steady Wins the Race

In order to properly understand Bondi’s theory of the steady state which rivals the Big Bang theory, we must first examine the 3 basic laws of physics. These laws hold true under any circumstance and can even be related to our universe. According to Bondi matter must be created at a continuous slow and steady rate as opposed to an initial explosion of matter as proposed by the Big Bang Theory. His theory can be proven using the tried and true laws of physics which are tangible and can proven again and again in any circumstance. The big bang theory abandons these laws and requires assumptions to be made that do not follow these principles.

Good Bye Big Bang, Hello Inflationary Theory

Explanation of how the Inflationary Theory disproves the Big Bang Theory by suggesting that there are numerous cosmic fire balls constantly expanding and inflating versus one cosmic fire ball creating the universe. The Inflationary Theory assumes that the universe is constantly evolving from mutations of cosmos from the parent cosmo. Hence the support of the six points made in the methodology section of this theory.

Compton Effect and Redshift

Compton effect causes Redshift which implies the universe is static as opposed to the universe expanding as the Big Bang theory suggests.