Arboriculture

From Wikiversity

Arboriculture is the cultivation, maintenance, and management of woody stemmed perennial plants; primarily trees.

Contents 1 Introduction to arboriculture 2 Tree taxonomy and evolution 2.1 Diversity of plants considered trees 2.2 Ordered groups of related trees 3 Introduction to vascular plant anatomy and physiology 4 Tree ecology 4.1 Introduction to ecology: interactions in living communities 4.1.1 Predation 4.1.2 Interference 4.1.2.1 Competition 4.1.2.2 Allelopathy 4.1.3 Parasitism 4.1.4 Commensalism 4.1.5 Symbiosis 4.2 Ecological succession 4.2.1 "r versus K selection" among species 4.2.2 Pioneer communities 4.2.3 Intermediate communities 4.2.4 Climax communities 4.3 Introduction to woodland ecology 4.3.1 Introduction to botany and the evolution of woodlands 4.3.2 Introduction to soil science 4.3.3 Introduction to animal habitats, feeding, and effects: Insects, arachnids, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals 4.3.4 Introduction to mycology: fungal diseases, symbiotes, and decay organisms 4.3.5 (Sidebar: Lichens) 4.4 Evapotranspiration: water flow through the soil, plant, atmosphere continuum 4.4.1 Water availability in soil: the range between flood conditions and the permanent wilting point 4.4.2 Capillary action and it's relation to soil texture, soil structure, compaction, and humus 4.4.3 Osmotic potential: the salt index in the soil as contrasted with the concentration of dissolved solids inside the root membrane 4.4.4 The movement of fluids within the vascular tissues 4.4.5 Photosynthesis, respiration, and the retention or loss of moisture through stoma in leaves 4.5 Nutrient cycling 4.6 Advanced topics in tree ecology 4.6.1 Soil microbial ecology in the rhizosphere 4.6.2 Soil chemistry 4.6.2.1 Soil pH 4.6.2.2 Cation exchange capacity 4.6.2.3 Oxidation state: oxidizing, aerobic, hypoxic and anaerobic conditions 4.6.3 Phytotoxic environmental contaminants: soil, water, and air pollutants 4.6.4 Special topics relating to urban soils and urban trees 4.6.5 Epiphytes, cavity dwellers, and effects of tree age distribution on habitat 4.6.6 Arboreal ecology in climax communities 4.7 Trees and the global ecosystem 5 Advanced topics in the anatomy and physiology of woody perennials 6 Tree physics 6.1 Tree mechanics: structural integrity and failure analysis 6.1.1 Wind loads and shear forces 6.1.1.1 Wind-sail forces 6.1.1.2 Windward and lee exposures, prevailing winds, wind eddies 6.1.2 Wave energy in trees 6.1.2.1 Harmonic resonance: energy intensification 6.1.2.2 Aharmonic energy dissipation, as related to canopy complexity 6.2 Electromagnetic potential and discharge 6.2.1 Lightning 6.2.2 Power distribution wires 6.3 Fluid dynamics 6.3.1 Erosion 6.3.2 Flooding 6.3.3 Soil liquification 6.3.4 Mass wasting: landslides 6.4 Gravity: leaning trees, falling objects, crushing forces 7 The role of trees and their management in the human environment 7.1 Principles of risk management 7.2 Evaluating tree hazards and benefits 7.3 Legal issues involving trees 7.4 Amenity value of trees 7.5 Protecting trees during construction operations 7.6 Planning for tree growth, longevity, safety, maximization of benefits, and minimization of liabilities 8 Landscape design, installation, and renovation 8.1 Choosing plants to be planted: matching species and cultivar to design goals, micro-environment, and long term planning 8.2 Recommended procedures for planting trees, vines and shrubs 8.3 Common errors to avoid 9 Transplanting established trees, vines and shrubs 10 Plant health care 10.1 Optimizing conditions for thriving 10.2 Diagnostic procedures for failure to thrive or decline in health 10.2.1 Physical or chemical injuries 10.2.2 Nutrient deficiency testing 10.2.3 Soil testing 10.2.4 Pest infestations 10.2.5 Infectious pathogens 10.2.6 Identifying and separating primary causes of plant health decline from secondary infections and infestations, and separating causes from signs and symptoms 10.3 Integrated pest management 10.4 Fertilization goals and procedures 10.5 Unintended consequences of chemical applications 10.6 Decision making for tree health care in the context of human and environmental health concerns 11 Pruning woody stemmed perennial plants 11.1 Pruning young plants 11.2 Pruning mature plants 11.3 Large tree trimming or removal 12 Tree care industry operations and safety 12.1 First aid 12.2 Grounds person duties 12.3 Tree climbing and pruning 12.4 Electricity supply lines 12.5 Chainsaws 12.5.1 First aid requirements 12.5.2 Personal protective equipment 12.6 Codes of practice 12.6.1 Chainsaw operation 12.6.1.1 Safety features of chainsaws 12.6.1.2 Chainsaw maintenance 12.6.1.3 Starting Methods 12.6.1.4 Hazards relating chainsaw use 12.6.2 Transporting a chainsaw and fuel 12.6.2.1 Safe storage 12.6.2.2 Refueling 12.6.3 Responsibilities of an employer 12.6.3.1 New Zealand Health and Safety in Employment Act 12.7 Use of agrichemicals 12.8 Maintain hand tools 12.9 Advanced felling techniques 12.10 Amenity 12.11 Brush chipper and stump grinder

[edit] Introduction to arboriculture

Arboriculture is the applied science of managing persistent, woody plants individually or in the context of the plants and environmental features of the immediate surround (as contrasted to forestry, for example, or orchard agriculture). A working knowledge of arboriculture involves an understanding of the biology of trees, vines and shrubs, and a skill set of how to go about achieving goals associated with their growth, health, risks, and benefits. While the focus of study is principally on the tree, a working knowledge of trees requires an introduction to the fields of study which cover the environments in which trees thrive, or fail to thrive. As well as the system of classification of species, and the evolutionary ecology of trees, their pests, and their allies. Along with a good measure of practical instruction on management methods, practices, practical concerns, and professional codes of conduct.

While it is convenient for the present to use the term "tree" when referring to the focus of the study of arboriculture, it should be pointed out early that grouping plants into the categories of tree, shrub, vine, or bush is a matter of common usage and convenience regarding the shape and size of plants. Grouping together by form plants which may be entirely unrelated. In fact, the leguminous trees such as the locust tree, the golden-chain tree, and redbud(Robinia, Laburnum, Cercis) are botanically more closely related to clover or to sweet peas than they are to pine trees, or even maples.

Arboriculture is the branch of environmental horticulture concerned with woody stemmed perennial plants, whether upright or prostrate, having a single stout trunk or a multitude of small vines, deciduous or evergreen, broad-leaved or having needles. Or even among the grasses, the bamboos; and related to lillys, Joshua trees.

[edit] Tree taxonomy and evolution

The tree form is a classic example of parallel evolution, having evolved separately in unrelated plant families.

[edit] Diversity of plants considered trees

[edit] Ordered groups of related trees

[edit] Introduction to vascular plant anatomy and physiology

The structure of trees and the functioning of biological processes within them differs among the wide diversity of plants considered to be woody stemmed perennials. They all have in common the most basic biological functions of vascular plants.

[edit] Tree ecology

[edit] Introduction to ecology: interactions in living communities

[edit] Predation

[edit] Interference

[edit] Competition

[edit] Allelopathy

[edit] Parasitism

[edit] Commensalism

[edit] Symbiosis

[edit] Ecological succession

[edit] "r versus K selection" among species

[edit] Pioneer communities

[edit] Intermediate communities

[edit] Climax communities

[edit] Introduction to woodland ecology

[edit] Introduction to botany and the evolution of woodlands

[edit] Introduction to soil science

[edit] Introduction to animal habitats, feeding, and effects: Insects, arachnids, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

[edit] Introduction to mycology: fungal diseases, symbiotes, and decay organisms

[edit] (Sidebar: Lichens)

[edit] Evapotranspiration: water flow through the soil, plant, atmosphere continuum

[edit] Water availability in soil: the range between flood conditions and the permanent wilting point

[edit] Capillary action and it's relation to soil texture, soil structure, compaction, and humus

[edit] Osmotic potential: the salt index in the soil as contrasted with the concentration of dissolved solids inside the root membrane

[edit] The movement of fluids within the vascular tissues

[edit] Photosynthesis, respiration, and the retention or loss of moisture through stoma in leaves

[edit] Nutrient cycling

[edit] Advanced topics in tree ecology

[edit] Soil microbial ecology in the rhizosphere

[edit] Soil chemistry

[edit] Soil pH

[edit] Cation exchange capacity

[edit] Oxidation state: oxidizing, aerobic, hypoxic and anaerobic conditions

[edit] Phytotoxic environmental contaminants: soil, water, and air pollutants

[edit] Special topics relating to urban soils and urban trees

[edit] Epiphytes, cavity dwellers, and effects of tree age distribution on habitat

[edit] Arboreal ecology in climax communities

[edit] Trees and the global ecosystem

[edit] Advanced topics in the anatomy and physiology of woody perennials

[edit] Tree physics

[edit] Tree mechanics: structural integrity and failure analysis

[edit] Wind loads and shear forces

[edit] Wind-sail forces

[edit] Windward and lee exposures, prevailing winds, wind eddies

[edit] Wave energy in trees

[edit] Harmonic resonance: energy intensification

[edit] Aharmonic energy dissipation, as related to canopy complexity

[edit] Electromagnetic potential and discharge

[edit] Lightning

[edit] Power distribution wires

[edit] Fluid dynamics

[edit] Erosion

[edit] Flooding

[edit] Soil liquification

[edit] Mass wasting: landslides

[edit] Gravity: leaning trees, falling objects, crushing forces

[edit] The role of trees and their management in the human environment

[edit] Principles of risk management

[edit] Evaluating tree hazards and benefits

[edit] Legal issues involving trees

[edit] Amenity value of trees

[edit] Protecting trees during construction operations

[edit] Planning for tree growth, longevity, safety, maximization of benefits, and minimization of liabilities

[edit] Landscape design, installation, and renovation

[edit] Choosing plants to be planted: matching species and cultivar to design goals, micro-environment, and long term planning

[edit] Recommended procedures for planting trees, vines and shrubs

[edit] Common errors to avoid

[edit] Transplanting established trees, vines and shrubs

[edit] Plant health care

[edit] Optimizing conditions for thriving

[edit] Diagnostic procedures for failure to thrive or decline in health

[edit] Physical or chemical injuries

[edit] Nutrient deficiency testing

[edit] Soil testing

[edit] Pest infestations

[edit] Infectious pathogens

[edit] Identifying and separating primary causes of plant health decline from secondary infections and infestations, and separating causes from signs and symptoms

[edit] Integrated pest management

[edit] Fertilization goals and procedures

[edit] Unintended consequences of chemical applications

[edit] Decision making for tree health care in the context of human and environmental health concerns

[edit] Pruning woody stemmed perennial plants

[edit] Pruning young plants

[edit] Pruning mature plants

[edit] Large tree trimming or removal

[edit] Tree care industry operations and safety

[edit] First aid

[edit] Grounds person duties

[edit] Tree climbing and pruning

[edit] Electricity supply lines

[edit] Chainsaws

[edit] First aid requirements

Please refer to page 35 of the Approved Code of Practice for Safety and Health in Tree Work - Part 1: Arboriculture http://www.osh.govt.nz/order/catalogue/pdf/arborcode.pdf

1. All arboriculture operations must have at least 1 person with current first aid certification from either St Johns, Red Cross or other recognised (OSH) first aid training provider.
2. A fully stocked first aid kit must be at every work site
3. First aid kits will be stored so as to ensure the contents are protected against contamination by dust, heat, moisture or any other element.
4. Specific environments and situations may require additional first aid items for which an inspector's advise should be sort.
5. In the event of an accident a seriously injured person shall not be moved, but made comfortable, until qualified medical advice is available.
6. At a minimum, a first aid kit for up to 10 will contain:

* Individually wrapped triangular bandages x 2
* Individually wrapped roller bandages x 2
* Individually wrapped sterile dressings (non-adhesive) x 5
* Individually wrapped sterile eye pads with attachment x 4
* Individually wrapped sterile adhesive dressings x 5
* Individually wrapped sterile wound dressings (non-medicated) (a) medium x 1 (b) large x 2
* Safety pins x 6
* Disposable gloves x 2 pairs
* Card listing local emergency numbers
* List of minimum contents of kit
* Basic first aid notes (e.g. St John, Red Cross)
* Hepatitis B/Aids notice on first aid box
* Resusci-aid mask
* If tap water is not available, sterile water or sterile normal saline in disposable containers, each holding at least 300mls, shall be kept near the first aid box.

NB. Where aborists work alone, a belt attached first aid kit will contain the following minimum requirements:

* Individually wrapped crepe or roller bandage x 2
* Individually wrapped large sterile wound dressings x 2

Types of injuries

ID Danger

• Live power
• Chainsaw still running
• Hangers

Response

• Is victim conscious

[edit] Personal protective equipment

[edit] Codes of practice

PDF for print of the New Zealand Code of Practice for Safety and Health in Tree Work - Part 1: Arboriculture

[edit] Chainsaw operation

[edit] Safety features of chainsaws

[edit] Chainsaw maintenance

[edit] Starting Methods

[edit] Hazards relating chainsaw use

(not to use above shoulder... not on stock piled logs..)

[edit] Transporting a chainsaw and fuel

[edit] Safe storage

[edit] Refueling

[edit] Responsibilities of an employer

[edit] New Zealand Health and Safety in Employment Act

[edit] Use of agrichemicals

[edit] Maintain hand tools

[edit] Advanced felling techniques

[edit] Amenity

[edit] Brush chipper and stump grinder

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