Beginner Japanese/Kanji

Lesson

 Kanji (漢字)  are the logographic characters of the Japanese language. They are based on the Chinese Hanzi and to some degree are mutually readable, but there are some major differences as well. In fact, guessing the meaning of a kanji based on its Chinese meaning can be misleading.

The kanji do not convey the entire meaning of a word, but its base meaning. Its grammatical use is determined by the surrounding particles and the following kana determine its tense. Also, Japanese does not have a Kanji for every word, especially ones borrowed from English or other Western languages. Nevertheless, to understand the Kanji is at the heart of understanding the Japanese language, and if you cannot read the Kanji, at least at a basic level, the large numbers of homonyms in Japanese can cause much confusion.

Readings

A single Kanji can be read (pronounced) in many different ways, depending on its context. These readings are categorized into two groups - that of Chinese origin 音読み(おんよみ) , (On-yomi) and Japanese origin 訓読み(くんよみ) , (Kun-yomi).

It is often the case that a Kanji has more than one reading of Chinese origin. This is because the importing of Chinese letters (with their readings) did not occur just at one time from one region. To help figure out how to pronounce a kanji, kana is printed next to a kanji like in this example:

The hiragana over the kanji tell you that this word should be pronounced ふりがな

When kana is printed next to a kanji, like above, it is called furigana.

On yomi

音読み(おんよみ) , (on yomi) is the Chinese reading, which is most commonly used in compound words and for numbers.

It may be useful to note that in some Kanji databases, the on reading is written in Katakana instead of Hiragana.

一(いち) , (ichi), 二(に) , (ni), 三(さん) , (san), 四(し) , (shi) are the first four numbers and all are 音読み(おんよみ) , (on yomi).

Kun yomi

訓読み(くんよみ) , (kun yomi) is the Japanese reading, which can be read as a separate word or can be used in compounds.

This reading generally will be written in Hiragana in Kanji lists.

月(つき) , (tsuki) and 日(ひ) , (hi) are the moon and sun and are in 訓読み(くんよみ)   (kun yomi).

Nanori

名乗り読み(なのりよみ) (nanori yomi) is the Name reading, which is used for people's names and for places.

The 康 read as やす (yasu; as in 徳川家康) and the 信 read as のぶ (nobu; as in 織田信長) are both written in 名乗り読み (nanori yomi).

Kanji Repetition

The 々, or ノマ (noma) symbol indicates the repetition of a Kanji. An example of a repetition is wareware 我我(われわれ), which indicates "us" or "our group" and is written as 我々 instead of 我我, although they are both the same. The same is true with 人々(ひとびと), "people".

Some useful kanji

Kanji	Meaning(s)	Examples
一	one	一 ichi (one), 一つ hitotsu (one piece), 一人 hitori (one person)
二	two	二 ni (two), 二つ futatsu (two pieces)
三	three	三 san (three), 三つ mittsu (three pieces)
人	person	人 hito (person), 日本人 Nihonjin (Japanese person)
口	mouth	口 kuchi (mouth), 人口 jinkō (population)
目	eye	目 me (eye), 一つ目 hitotsu-me (the first piece), 目的 mokuteki (purpose)
木	tree	木 ki (tree), 木曜日 mokuyōbi (Thursday)
森	forest	森 mori (forest), 森林 shinrin (woods and forests)
山	mountain	山 yama (mountain), 富士山 Fujisan (Mount Fuji)
川	river	川 kawa (river)
日	sun	日 hi (the sun), 日曜日 nichiyōbi (Sunday)
月	moon	月 tsuki (the moon), 月曜日 getsuyōbi (Monday)
年	year, age	年 toshi (year, age), 去年 kyonen (last year)
本	book	本 hon (book), 日本 Nihon/Nippon (Japan)
明	bright	明るい akarui (bright), 明日 asu (tomorrow)
行	to go	行く iku (to go), 銀行 ginkō (bank)
来	to come	来る kuru (to come), 来週 raishū (next week)
私	I, me, private	私 watashi (I, me), 私立大学 shiritsu daigaku (private university)
男	male	男の人 otoko no hito (man), 男性 dansei (man)
女	female	女の人 onna no hito (woman), 彼女 kanojo (she, her, girlfriend)
母	mother	母 haha (one's own mother), お母さん okāsan (someone else's mother)
父	father	父 chichi (one's own father),　お父さん otōsan (someone else's father)
車	car	車 kuruma (car), 電車 densha (train)
食	eat	食べる taberu (to eat), 食事 shokuji (meal)
入	enter	入る hairu (to enter), 入学 nyūgaku (admission to a school)
出	come out	出る deru (to come out), 出口 deguchi (exit), 出発 shuppatsu (departure)
学	learn	学ぶ manabu (to learn), 学生 gakusei (student), 学校 gakkō (school)
先	ahead, previous	先に saki ni (on ahead), 先生 sensei (teacher), 先月 sengetsu (last month)
生	live, birth	生きる ikiru (to live), 生まれる umareru (to be born)
金	gold, money	金 kin (gold), お金 o-kane (money), 金曜日 kinyōbi (Friday)
上	top, above	上 ue (top, above), 上がる agaru (to go up), 上手 jōzu (skillfull)
下	bottom, below	下 shita (bottom, below), 下がる sagaru (to go down), 地下 chika (basement)
中	inside, middle	中 naka (inside, middle), 中国 Chūgoku (China)
水	water	水 mizu (water), 水曜日 suiyōbi (Wednesday)
土	soil	土 tsuchi (soil), 土地 tochi (land), 土曜日 doyōbi (Saturday)
火	fire	火 hi (fire), 火曜日 kayōbi (Tuesday), 火山 kazan (volcano)
大	big	大きい ōkii (big), 大学 daigaku (university)
小	small	小さい chīsai (small), 小学生 shōgakusei (elementary school student)
犬	dog	犬 inu (dog), 番犬 banken (watchdog)
高	expensive, tall	高い takai (expensive), 高校 kōkō (high school)
安	cheap, peaceful	安い yasui (cheap), 安心 anshin (peace of mind)
右	right	右 migi (right), 右折する usetsu suru (to turn right)
左	left	左 hidari (left), 左右 sayū (left and right)
円	circle, yen	円 en (circle, yen), 円周 enshū (circumference)
長	long, chief	長い nagai (long), 校長 kōchō (principal)
朝	morning	朝 asa (morning), 朝食 chōshoku (breakfast)
昼	noon, daytime	昼 hiru (noon, daytime), 昼食 chūshoku (lunch)
晩	evening	晩 ban (evening), 今晩 konban (tonight)
時	hour	時 toki (time), 時間 jikan (time)
分	minute	分かる wakaru (to understand), ５分 go-fun (five minutes)

Further reading

• Wikipedia's article on Kanji

External resources

• Learn Japanese Kanji

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