Help:Contents/Links

Hyperlinks allow users to move between pages. For some basic information about using hyperlinks, see Help:Editing#Links, URLs. There are three general types of hyperlinks recognized by MediaWiki, each with associated CSS formatting to distinguish them.

This page (below) is like a user manual page about links. If you are new to making links, you might prefer to explore Making links, a short tutorial about how to make links on Wikiversity pages.

Wikilinks

A wikilink or internal link links a page to another page within the same project. To link to a page, you need to put the name of the page within double square brackets [[like this]]. So, for example, if you add [[Technology in the classroom]] to a page in edit mode, it will create a link to Technology in the classroom. You can also name this link anything by adding a "|" (not the letter l, but the vertical line character) and other descriptive text after this character - eg. adding [[Technology in the classroom|a page about teaching with technology]] will display as: a page about teaching with technology.

Further detail:

[[a]] gives a.
[[a|b]] gives b (link to a, labelled b).
[[a]]b gives ab, just like [[a|ab]] does: ab.
[[a|b]]c gives bc, just like [[a|bc]] does: bc.
a[[b]] gives ab.
[[a]]<nowiki>b</nowiki> gives ab.
[[a]]''b'' gives ab.
''[[a]]''b gives ab.
[[a|b]]c<nowiki>d</nowiki> gives bcd.
[[a]][[b]] gives a b (two links, but looking equal to the single link ab), even if the links are underlined (a b and a b look the same only if links are not underlined).

Links with parameters (the link name) are said to be "piped" because of the pipe symbol used ( | ).

MediaWiki automatically checks if the target of a wikilink exists ("existence detection"). If the page doesn't exist, the link leads to the editing screen, and it is assigned the class "new". Such wikilinks are nicknamed "red links" because they are colored red in the default stylesheet on a default installation of MediaWiki. Red links are useful in determining the current status of the page (created or not created), create incoming links to a future page, facilitates and incites page creation.

Note that the image, category, and interlanguage syntax are the same as the wikilink syntax. Attempting to link normally will place the image on the page, add the page to the category and create an interlanguage link at the edge of the page. This can be prevented by prefixing a colon, which escapes the specific syntax. For example, [[:Category:Help]], [[:fr:Help:Link]], and [[:Image:Mediawiki.png]].

The existence of an internal link from a page to an existing or non-existing page is recorded in the pagelinks table.

Stub feature

A wikilink to an existing page will be in class 'stub' if the page is in the main namespace, it is not a redirect, and the number of bytes of the wikitext is less than the "threshold for stub display" set in the user's preferences.

This allows users to immediately identify links to very short pages that probably need to be expanded. Alternately, a user may set a very high threshold to achieve any of the following:

Identify links to very large pages. However, the criterion is the size of the wikitext; possible inclusion of templates and images can make the rendered page large, even if the amount of wikitext is small.
Determine at a glance whether a link leads to the main namespace or not. However, this does not take into account redirects to the main namespace (even if the redirect itself is in the main namespace).
Identify links to redirects, for clean-up work such as bypassing redirects.

However, section linking to a "stub" does not work. Although this is normally a minor issue, this may cause problems with users who set a very high threshold.

Interwiki links

An interwiki link links a page to a page on another website. Unlike the name suggests, the target site need not be a wiki, but it has to be on the interwiki map specified for the source wiki. These links have the associated CSS class "extiw". These are in the same form as wikilinks above, but take a prefix which specifies the target site. For example, on Wikimedia projects and many other wikis [[wikipedia:Main Page]] links to Wikipedia's main page. The prefix can be hidden using the same piped syntax as wikilinks.

Interwiki links to the same project

Although interwiki links can be used to point to a wiki from itself, this is not generally recommended. MediaWiki does not detect whether or not the target page of an interwiki list exists, so there is no special formatting and the link is always to the view page. Further, MediaWiki does not check if the page is linking to itself. A self wikilink is bolded (like Help:Contents/Links), whereas a self interwiki link is normal (m:Help:Contents/Links).

Pros:

A copy of the wikitext on a sister project may still point to the same page. Sometimes two prefixes are needed for that purpose, e.g. w:de:a.

External links

External links use absolute URLs that link directly to any webpage. External links are in the form [http://www.example.org link name] (resulting in link name), with the link name separated from the URL by a space. Links without link names will be numbered: [http://www.example.org] becomes [1]. Links with no square brackets will be displayed in their entirety: http://www.example.org.

See URLs in external links for more detailed information.

Special:Linksearch finds all pages linking to a given site.

External links to the same project

External links are often used to use special URL parameters in links. This allows links directly to the edit history of a page, to a page in edit view, a diff of two versions, et cetera. They can also be used to create a navigational image.

However, the use of external links to link to a normal page on the same project is not recommended. These links benefit from none of the features of a wikilink, and may break the web of links when the content is exported to another domain.

Arrow icon

Monobook skin produces an arrow icon after every external link. This can be suppressed with class="plainlinks":

<span class="plainlinks">http://a</span> gives http://a
http://a gives http://a

Section linking

Headings

Links in the form [[#heading_name]] will link to the corresponding section header on the same page.

Anchors

Shortcut

WV:ANCHOR

Links in the form [[#anchor_name]] will link to any anchor named "anchor_name" on the page. This may be either a heading named "anchor_name", or an arbitrary position. [[#top]] is a reserved name that links to the top of a page. It is possible to create an arbitrary anchor name using the HTML code <div id="anchor_name"></div>.

Anchor links can also be appended to any type of link; for more information, see w:Help:Section#Section_linking.

Problems with page name conversion

Note that if the page name is automatically converted (for example, from "/wiki/main Page" to "/wiki/Main Page"), the section link will still work but will disappear from the address bar. As a consequence, this will make it more difficult to bookmark the section itself. This is not applicable for wikilinks, because the conversions have already taken place on Preview or Save of the referring page.

For example, consider http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:how_to_edit_a_page#Links_and_URLs. In this case, the anchor part of the address will disappear because the "how" will be converted to "How".

Redirects with section links

A redirect to a page section does not go to the section. However, one can add the section anyway as a clarification, and it will work if the redirect is manually clicked from the redirect page. However, links with a section to a redirect will lead to the section on the redirect's page.

Subpage feature

MediaWiki has a subpage feature, although activation depends on project and namespace. If activated, the following applies (if not, "A/b" is just a page with that name).

A tree structure of pages is established by using forward slashes in pagenames: A/b is a child of A, hence A is a parent of A/b; also A/b/c is a child of A/b; A/a, A/b, and A/c are siblings.

At the top of the subpage body links to all ancestor pages are shown automatically, without any corresponding wikitext. The links show up even if the child page does not exist, but the sequence of ancestors stops before any non-existing ancestor page (e.g., if the grandparent page does not exist, the parent page is not shown either). Like most letters of a page name, the first letter after the slash is case-sensitive; "/subpage" and "/Subpage" are different pages.

What links here and Related changes ignore these automatic links.

Relative links

Relative links still work if all pages of a tree are renamed according a name change of the root, including making it a child of a new root.

Inside a subpage hierarchy the following relative links can be used:

[[../]] links to the parent of the current subpage, e.g., on A/b it links to A, on A/b/c it links to A/b.
[[../s]] links to a sibling of the current subpage, e.g., on A/b, it links to A/s.
[[/s]] links to a subpage, e.g. on A it is the same as [[A/s]].

See also w:Wikipedia:Subpages, and the example pages m:Link/a/b and m:Help:Link/a/b. For the latter the subpage feature does not work because of the namespace.

User space

Subpages of a user page ([[User:Username/Subpage]]) are considered to be in that user's "user space". Rules are often relaxed in a user's own subpages, whereas they are typically tightened for a user editing another user's subpages.

Unintended subpage structure

Any slash in a pagename causes a subpage structure, e.g. Subpage demo Season 2006/2007 is a subpage of "Subpage demo Season 2006". As long as the latter does not exist, this has no effect on the former, However, a page with a slash in its name cannot be the root page of a subpage structure. For example, Subpage demo Season 2006/2007 /soccer does not show its parent, because its unintended grandparent does not exist. A dummy grandparent page can fix this.

Subpage activation

Wikipedia has this feature activated in all talk namespaces and the user and project namespace. The Meta-Wiki also has it in the main namespace. The default is set in DefaultSettings.php [2]. As of revision 1.21, the following namespaces have it activated by default: Special, Main talk, User and User_talk, Meta_talk, and Image_talk. Settings per project are changed in LocalSettings.php [3].

Miscellaneous

Linking to a page with images

It is possible to use images as links to other pages. For more information, see use an image as a link to a page.

"Hover box" on links

On some browsers, holding the cursor over link will show a hover box containing the text of the link's HTML title attribute. MediaWiki sets this to the target page name (without the possible section indication) if it's a wikilink, the page name with prefix if it's an interwiki link, and the URL if it's an external link.

This can be switched off in the user preferences. The browser may also show similar info, but with the possible section indication, in the address bar.

For these effects a piped link is useful even if it not followed; for example, for displaying the meaning of an acronym (e.g. NPOV) or any other remark. It is possible to produce a hover box without a link, see m:Template:H:title (backlinks, edit).

Disallowed characters

In internal and interwiki link style, a plus sign in a page name is not allowed, the HTML and hence the rendered page just shows the wikitext, e.g. a+b. In external link style a plus sign in the URL is retained. It is often equivalent with a space. See also below.

In accordance with the rules explained in Help:Page name, conversions are automatically made to non-literal characters in wiki and interwiki links. For example, "[[Help:Page%20name]]" becomes "Help:Page name". However, the opposite is true for external links; literal characters are converted into non-literal characters. For example, most browsers will convert ".../wiki/!" to ".../wiki/%21".

A code like %70 in a redirect disables it, although the link works from the redirect page. For a redirect that works, the redirect page shows the canonical form of the target, unlike its preview page, which renders the link in the usual way.

Special pipe syntax

Using an empty pipe syntax on wiki and interwiki links will hide interwiki prefixes and parentheses. For example, [[w:Mercury (planet)|]] becomes Mercury. This pipe syntax should only be used where the unqualified reference is not ambiguous, such as in an article about the solar system. See Help:Piped link.

Additional effects of links

Related changes
Backlinks
Date format
Using a space after the pipe syntax ([[Main page| ]]) produces (perhaps depending on the browser) a space only, not a link (" "), but it is treated as a link for the "what links here" feature.

Links from a page

With query the links from page pagename, sorted by namespace, and for each namespace alphabetically, are given by {{SERVER}}{{SCRIPTPATH}}/query.php?what=links&titles=pagename , e.g. //en.wikiversity.org/w/query.php?what=links&titles=Help:Contents/Links .