English: Significance testing in association studies. The null distribution is the standard normal distribution and the expected distribution of the association statistics under the assumption that the effect size is 0. Each variant’s association statistic in equation (2) is computed, and its significance is evaluated using the null distribution. If the statistic falls in the significance region of the distribution, the variant is declared associated. In this example, S1 is not significant, while S2 and S3 are significant.
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