Numerical Analysis/stability of RK methods

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Definitions[edit | edit source]

Let be the local truncation error, and k is the number of time steps, then:

  1. The numerical method is consistent with a differential equation if
    over .
    according to this definition w:Euler's method is consistent.
  2. A numerical method is said be convergent with respect to differential equation if
    over ;
    where is the approximation for .
  3. A numerical method is stable if small change in the initial conditions or data, produce a correspondingly small change in the subsequent approximations.

Theorem: For an initial value problem

with

and certain initial conditions, , let us consider a numerical method of the form

and .

If there exists a value such that it is continuous on the iterative domain, and if there exists an such that

for all ,

the method fulfills the w:Lipschitz condition, and it is stable and convergent if and only if it is consistent. That is,

for all .

For a similar argument, one can deduce the following for multi- step methods:

  1. The method is stable if and only if all roots, , of the characteristic polynomial satisfy
    ,
    and any root of
    is simple root.
  2. one more result is that if the method is consistent with the differential equation, the method is stable if and only if it it is convergent.

see [1]

stability polynomials of Runge-Kutta methods[edit | edit source]

The w:Runge–Kutta methods are very useful in solving systems of differential equations, it has wide applications for the scientists and the engineers, as well as for the economical models, the recognized with their practical accuracy where we can use and get very good results and approximations when solving an ODE problem, RK has the general form :, where

such that

s is the number of stages,
aij (for 1 ≤ j < is),
bi (for i = 1, 2, ..., s)
and ci (for i = 2, 3, ..., s).

Example:finding the stability polynomial for RK4's methods[edit | edit source]

for RK4" case", which characterizes by which has the form: the stability region is found by applying the method to the linear test equation

the stability region is found by applying the method to the linear test equation

using the linearized equation , and considering , we get;

substitute these back in , yields

and so the characteristic polynomial

for the absolute stability region for this method, set |R(z)|<1, and so we get the region in figure 1. case

the table below shows the final forms for the stability function for different forms of RK4, these RK4's are different in the values of , and they are fullfilling the consistencty requirement for the method i.e :

case# stability function
caseI
caseII_a
caseII_b
caseIII
caseIV
classical Rk


see [2] to find the table

Plotting the stability region[edit | edit source]

In order to plot the stability region, we can set the stability function to be bounded by 1 and solve for the values of z, then draw z in the complex plane. Since R(z) is the unit circle in the complex plane, each point on the boundary can be represented as and so by changing over the interval, we can draw the boundaries of that region. The following w:OCTAVE/Matlab code does this by plotting contour curves until reaching the boudaries:

[x,y] = meshgrid(-6:0.01:6,-6:0.01:6);
z = x+i*y;
R = 1+z+0.5*z.^2+(1/6)*z.^3+(1/24)*z.^4;
zlevel = abs(R);
contour(x,y,zlevel,[1 1]);

The figure at right shows the absolute stability regions for RK4 cases which is tabulated above[3]

References[edit | edit source]

  • Eberly, David (2008), stability analysis for systems of defferential equation.[4]
  • Ababneh, Osama; Ahmad, Rokiah; Ismail, Eddie (2009), "on cases of fourth-order Runge-Kutta methods", European journal of scientific Research.[5]
  • Mathews, John; Fink, Kurtis (1992), numerical methods using matlab.
  • Stability of Runge-Kutta Methods [6]